{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1989388134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529648","title":"Challenges for the development of clinically useful fluorescing diagnostic contrast agents for optical imaging: a radiologist's perspective","display_name":"Challenges for the development of clinically useful fluorescing diagnostic contrast agents for optical imaging: a radiologist's perspective","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1989388134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529648","mag":"1989388134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.529648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113612544","display_name":"Robert C. Brasch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert C. Brasch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","University of California San Francisco,  United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Francisco,  United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085106833","display_name":"Laure S Fournier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1878-0290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1878-0290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laure Fournier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","University of California San Francisco,  United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Francisco,  United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101597526","display_name":"Vincenzo Lucidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-3830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-3830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Lucidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","University of California San Francisco,  United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Francisco,  United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059718844","display_name":"Kirill Berejnoi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirill Berejnoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","University of California San Francisco,  United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Francisco,  United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002814188","display_name":"Yanjun Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0406-543X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0406-543X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","University of California San Francisco,  United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California/San Francisco (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Francisco,  United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027700233","display_name":"Jonathan Palley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Palley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California/Davis (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California/Davis (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086524324","display_name":"Stavros G. Demos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-7398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-7398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stavros G. Demos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (United States)","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11111111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5329","issue":null,"first_page":"215","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-imaging","display_name":"optical imaging","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescent-contrast-agents","display_name":"fluorescent contrast agents","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared-fluorescent-probe","display_name":"near-infrared fluorescent probe","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-autofluorescence","display_name":"tissue autofluorescence","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"radiology","score":0.4309999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6564935445785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.5416482090950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5143204927444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4914668798446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.4861988425254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.48476213216781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136339569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142297","display_name":"Molecular imaging","level":3,"score":0.4539563059806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4399527311325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.42341148853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3055453598499298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29384201765060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27074170112609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19633278250694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207001950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124","display_name":"In vivo","level":2,"score":0.10697522759437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09041094779968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.529648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333677","display_name":"Office of the President, University of California","ror":"https://ror.org/00dmfq477"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553198783","https://openalex.org/W1947700761","https://openalex.org/W1994211712","https://openalex.org/W1994929804","https://openalex.org/W2030678976","https://openalex.org/W2037580750","https://openalex.org/W2049815086","https://openalex.org/W2055336851","https://openalex.org/W2061782980","https://openalex.org/W2082179083","https://openalex.org/W2087854216","https://openalex.org/W2092078486","https://openalex.org/W2142222126","https://openalex.org/W2460595622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985155689","https://openalex.org/W2089591593","https://openalex.org/W2156374968","https://openalex.org/W2089544915","https://openalex.org/W2479588932","https://openalex.org/W2940474695","https://openalex.org/W4408569557","https://openalex.org/W7164863245","https://openalex.org/W2061782980","https://openalex.org/W4317435471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,111],"goal":[1],"of":[2,11,23,50,61,71,104,121,127,172,184],"this":[3,24],"work":[4],"is":[5],"to":[6,29,52,79,138,154,178],"highlight":[7],"those":[8],"unique":[9],"aspects":[10],"contrast-enhanced":[12],"diagnostic":[13,26,76,96,156],"optical":[14],"imaging":[15,81],"(OI)":[16],"that":[17,134],"favor":[18],"a":[19,66,93,158],"broad":[20],"clinical":[21,37],"utilization":[22],"emerging":[25],"technique":[27],"and":[28,73,87,131,164,175,182],"illustrate":[30],"certain":[31],"identified":[32],"challenges":[33,153],"opposing":[34],"the":[35,40,45,59,69,84,100,124,128,170,176,185,190],"enthusiastic":[36],"welcome":[38],"for":[39,58],"OI":[41,51,95,118],"method.":[42],"We":[43,147],"consider":[44],"single":[46],"most":[47],"appealing":[48],"feature":[49],"be":[53,109,114,144],"its":[54],"much-touted":[55],"exquisite":[56],"sensitivity":[57,67],"detection":[60],"near-infrared":[62],"fluorescing":[63,129],"(NIRF)":[64],"probes,":[65,77],"supporting":[68],"development":[70],"disease-":[72],"molecule-specific":[74],"NIR":[75],"akin":[78],"nuclear":[80],"but":[82],"without":[83],"ionizing":[85],"radiation":[86],"with":[88],"superior":[89],"spatial":[90],"resolution.":[91],"But":[92],"qualitative":[94],"examination,":[97,119],"merely":[98],"defining":[99],"presence":[101],"or":[102,141],"absence":[103],"NIRF":[105],"signal,":[106],"may":[107],"not":[108],"sufficient.":[110],"signal":[112,165,168,186],"must":[113],"measurable.":[115],"A":[116],"quantitative":[117,155],"capable":[120],"accurately":[122],"assaying":[123],"tissue":[125,173],"concentration":[126,136,163],"probe":[130,135,162],"changes":[132],"in":[133,169],"related":[137],"disease":[139],"progression":[140],"treatment":[142],"would":[143],"extremely":[145],"valuable.":[146],"discuss":[148],"here":[149],"at":[150],"least":[151],"three":[152],"OI,":[157],"non-linear":[159],"relationship":[160],"between":[161],"intensity,":[166],"background":[167],"form":[171],"auto-fluorescence,":[174],"requirement":[177],"define":[179],"precise":[180],"location":[181],"depth":[183],"origin":[187],"from":[188],"within":[189],"subject.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}