{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1988985355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","title":"Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics among Tertiary Level Students in Accra, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics among Tertiary Level Students in Accra, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1988985355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","mag":"1988985355","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23202760","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3509469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijerph9103519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/10/3519/pdf?version=1403139877","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15239247","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","issn_l":"1660-4601","issn":["1660-4601","1661-7827"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","medline","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/10/3519/pdf?version=1403139877","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026129407","display_name":"Eric S. Donkor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-546X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-546X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9368-0636"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138690464","display_name":"University of Ghana","ror":"https://ror.org/01r22mr83","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric S. Donkor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065792909","display_name":"Patience B. Tetteh\u2010Quarcoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-4869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-4869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138690464","display_name":"University of Ghana","ror":"https://ror.org/01r22mr83","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-4869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064511002","display_name":"Patrick Nartey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24835296","display_name":"Accra Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/016j6rk60","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24835296"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Nartey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Accra Polytechnic, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Accra Polytechnic, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24835296"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042300243","display_name":"I. Agyeman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24835296","display_name":"Accra Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/016j6rk60","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24835296"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac O. Agyeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Accra Polytechnic, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Accra Polytechnic, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24835296"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026129407"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3016},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3016},"fwci":7.6002,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":230,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97964796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"3519","last_page":"3529"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10419","display_name":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-medication","display_name":"self-medication","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotics","display_name":"antibiotics","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tertiary-students","display_name":"tertiary students","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-misuse","display_name":"antibiotic misuse","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amoxicillin","display_name":"amoxicillin","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-failure","display_name":"treatment failure","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-course-completion","display_name":"antibiotic course completion","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inappropriate-antibiotic-use","display_name":"inappropriate antibiotic use","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-students","display_name":"medical students","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-knowledge","display_name":"health knowledge","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accra-ghana","display_name":"Accra, Ghana","score":0.656000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.8745498657226562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5376997590065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019033257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9166713","display_name":"Tertiary level","level":2,"score":0.4918239116668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4549926221370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991842025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Tertiary care","level":2,"score":0.4464857578277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142104173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761396","display_name":"Self-medication","level":2,"score":0.4453815817832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33825215697288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3094227910041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2004963755607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005869","descriptor_name":"Ghana","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012651","descriptor_name":"Self Medication","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014495","descriptor_name":"Universities","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijerph9103519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/10/3519/pdf?version=1403139877","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15239247","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","issn_l":"1660-4601","issn":["1660-4601","1661-7827"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","medline","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3509469","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3509469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:23202760","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23202760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of environmental research and public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.785.6266","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.785.6266","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/24/dc/ijerph-09-03519.PMC3509469.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:9:y:2012:i:10:p:3519-3529:d:20480","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/10/3519/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijerph9103519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103519","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/10/3519/pdf?version=1403139877","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15239247","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","issn_l":"1660-4601","issn":["1660-4601","1661-7827"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","medline","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1988985355.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1988985355.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13558289","https://openalex.org/W21628800","https://openalex.org/W60059557","https://openalex.org/W1545240558","https://openalex.org/W1582290513","https://openalex.org/W1698769582","https://openalex.org/W1970661924","https://openalex.org/W1974705098","https://openalex.org/W1979840166","https://openalex.org/W1981256256","https://openalex.org/W1993232519","https://openalex.org/W1994830599","https://openalex.org/W2000716912","https://openalex.org/W2007233978","https://openalex.org/W2015437599","https://openalex.org/W2016011648","https://openalex.org/W2019639321","https://openalex.org/W2024926876","https://openalex.org/W2046264302","https://openalex.org/W2061292121","https://openalex.org/W2073370480","https://openalex.org/W2077824647","https://openalex.org/W2079207938","https://openalex.org/W2099361157","https://openalex.org/W2101616981","https://openalex.org/W2110957752","https://openalex.org/W2126009227","https://openalex.org/W2131978810","https://openalex.org/W2139848060","https://openalex.org/W2145952930","https://openalex.org/W2149855151","https://openalex.org/W2151520300","https://openalex.org/W2152179457","https://openalex.org/W2153314884","https://openalex.org/W2155080386","https://openalex.org/W2155498629","https://openalex.org/W2164489150","https://openalex.org/W2171609823","https://openalex.org/W2188900589","https://openalex.org/W2253369080","https://openalex.org/W2329268617","https://openalex.org/W2465679767","https://openalex.org/W2589038264","https://openalex.org/W2795740701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098707656","https://openalex.org/W3207813905","https://openalex.org/W3210269768","https://openalex.org/W4288023913","https://openalex.org/W3014005714","https://openalex.org/W2656748867","https://openalex.org/W4390046883","https://openalex.org/W3139363680","https://openalex.org/W4281608415","https://openalex.org/W3126110505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"study":[1,32],"was":[2,28,48,56,85,101,130],"carried":[3],"out":[4],"to":[5,134],"estimate":[6],"the":[7,25,54,72,78,96,117,120,138,158,164,181,184,206,212],"prevalence":[8],"of":[9,37,45,82,88,116,157,167,170,183,187,214],"self-medication":[10],"with":[11,24,148,180],"antibiotics":[12],"among":[13,59,191,208],"tertiary":[14,192,209],"level":[15],"students":[16,62,193,210],"in":[17,137,144,194,211],"Accra":[18,195],"(Ghana)":[19],"and":[20,33,53,95,119,140,172,202],"evaluate":[21],"factors":[22],"associated":[23,147],"practice.":[26],"This":[27],"a":[29],"descriptive":[30],"cross-sectional":[31],"involved":[34],"face-to-face":[35],"interviews":[36],"600":[38],"respondents":[39,73,159],"selected":[40],"by":[41,111],"convenient":[42],"sampling.":[43],"Prevalence":[44],"self":[46,76,125],"medication":[47,126,190],"70%":[49],"(95%":[50,113,154,174],"CI:":[51,66,93,105,114,155,175],"66.3-73.7),":[52],"practice":[55],"significantly":[57],"lower":[58],"medically":[60],"inclined":[61],"(OR:":[63],"0.2,":[64],"95%":[65,92,104],"0.1-0.4,":[67],"p":[68],"<":[69],"0.001).":[70],"Among":[71],"who":[74],"practiced":[75],"medication,":[77],"most":[79,97],"common":[80,98],"frequency":[81],"antibiotic":[83,99],"usage":[84],"at":[86],"intervals":[87],"one":[89],"month":[90],"(30%,":[91],"25.6-34.4%),":[94],"used":[100],"amoxacillin":[102],"(23.9%,":[103],"21.0-26.8%).":[106],"Treatment":[107],"failure":[108],"were":[109,127,146],"reported":[110],"35%":[112],"30.5-39.6%)":[115],"respondents,":[118],"main":[121],"reasons":[122],"cited":[123],"for":[124],"that,":[128],"it":[129],"less":[131],"expensive":[132],"compared":[133],"medical":[135,142],"care":[136,143],"hospital":[139],"secondly,":[141],"hospitals":[145],"long":[149],"delays.":[150],"Forty":[151],"nine":[152],"percent":[153],"44.2-53.8%)":[156],"had":[160],"poor":[161],"knowledge":[162],"about":[163],"health":[165,200],"implications":[166],"irrational":[168],"use":[169],"antibiotics,":[171],"46%":[173],"41.2-50.8%)":[176],"did":[177],"not":[178],"comply":[179],"completion":[182],"full":[185],"course":[186],"antibiotics.":[188],"Self":[189],"is":[196],"an":[197],"important":[198],"public":[199],"problem":[201],"this":[203],"may":[204],"reflect":[205],"situation":[207],"whole":[213],"Ghana.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
