{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987779604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.23.001698","title":"Observed factorization of excess quantum noise that is due to both polarization and spatial mode nonorthogonality","display_name":"Observed factorization of excess quantum noise that is due to both polarization and spatial mode nonorthogonality","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987779604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.23.001698","mag":"1987779604","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18091888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ol.23.001698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.23.001698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.23.001698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134390580","display_name":"Optics Letters","issn_l":"0146-9592","issn":["0146-9592","1071-2763","1539-4794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074610601","display_name":"G. P. Karman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. P. Karman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300#N#                            RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300#N#                            RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103358519","display_name":"Annelie Lindberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c5. M. Lindberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300#N#                            RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300#N#                            RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038431946","display_name":"J. P. Woerdman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. P. Woerdman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300#N#                            RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300#N#                            RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87012078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"21","first_page":"1698","last_page":"1698"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.4657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.4657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12760","display_name":"Laser Design and Applications","score":0.133200004696846,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.09099999815225601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization-eigenmodes","display_name":"polarization eigenmodes","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-linewidth","display_name":"laser linewidth","score":0.7459999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.7053152322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.623153805732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6127139329910278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111996192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269075","display_name":"Quantum noise","level":3,"score":0.4832059144973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.41581130027770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22984246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269058","display_name":"Quantum imaging","level":5,"score":0.4158092141151428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4075160026550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.23563170433044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.21883121132850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11950454115867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11820125579833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.11576727032661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ol.23.001698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.23.001698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.23.001698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134390580","display_name":"Optics Letters","issn_l":"0146-9592","issn":["0146-9592","1071-2763","1539-4794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18091888","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18091888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics letters","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.44999998807907104}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18204567","https://openalex.org/W1969650358","https://openalex.org/W1981575384","https://openalex.org/W2008456265","https://openalex.org/W2012008605","https://openalex.org/W2029170691","https://openalex.org/W2029980944","https://openalex.org/W2061878566","https://openalex.org/W2063531132","https://openalex.org/W2070605390","https://openalex.org/W2082203495","https://openalex.org/W2084881102","https://openalex.org/W2085346013","https://openalex.org/W2132718008","https://openalex.org/W2160423042","https://openalex.org/W2170062910","https://openalex.org/W2531441221"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113681074","https://openalex.org/W2184850577","https://openalex.org/W2029980944","https://openalex.org/W2085346013","https://openalex.org/W2129515900","https://openalex.org/W2081489530","https://openalex.org/W1981771793","https://openalex.org/W3174835754","https://openalex.org/W1971627333","https://openalex.org/W2149996057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"the":[1,9,13,22,31,41,45,65,73],"eigenmodes":[2,48],"of":[3,12,60,72],"a":[4,70],"laser":[5,14],"cavity":[6],"are":[7,49,58],"nonorthogonal,":[8],"quantum-limited":[10],"linewidth":[11],"is":[15],"larger":[16],"by":[17],"an":[18],"excess-noise":[19,66,77],"factor":[20,67],"than":[21],"standard":[23],"Schawlow-Townes":[24],"expression.":[25],"Mode":[26],"nonorthogonality":[27],"can":[28],"exist":[29],"in":[30,35,40],"spatial":[32,74],"domain,":[33],"as":[34,69],"unstable-cavity":[36],"resonators,":[37],"but":[38],"also":[39],"polarization":[42,47,76],"domain":[43],"when":[44],"two":[46,56],"nonorthogonal.":[50],"We":[51],"show":[52],"experimentally":[53],"that":[54,64],"these":[55],"contributions":[57],"independent":[59],"each":[61],"other,":[62],"i.e.,":[63],"factorizes":[68],"product":[71],"and":[75],"factors.":[78]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}