{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987630494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042121","title":"Correlated delay of reinforcement.","display_name":"Correlated delay of reinforcement.","publication_year":1961,"publication_date":"1961-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987630494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042121","mag":"1987630494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/h0042121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340927","display_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9940","issn":["0021-9940"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109927555","display_name":"Gordon H. Bower","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gordon H. Bower","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109927555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9283,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82874162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"2","first_page":"196","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.052400000393390656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.02759999968111515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-speed","display_name":"response speed","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-time-psychology","display_name":"reaction time (psychology)","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-chains","display_name":"behavior chains","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-reinforcement","display_name":"selective reinforcement","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rats","display_name":"rats","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.752703070640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4434441328048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17753374576568604}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/h0042121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340927","display_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9940","issn":["0021-9940"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575317365","https://openalex.org/W2074914028","https://openalex.org/W2091144676","https://openalex.org/W2798944292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100165300","https://openalex.org/W2165270566","https://openalex.org/W6941243062","https://openalex.org/W2154896398","https://openalex.org/W3060166686","https://openalex.org/W2030218915","https://openalex.org/W2314812023","https://openalex.org/W2030840277","https://openalex.org/W2905170447","https://openalex.org/W2070670684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,65],"well":[2],"established":[3],"that":[4,78],"variations":[5,57,101],"in":[6,37,112,130],"an":[7,128],"operant":[8,116],"response":[186,195],"can":[10,218],"be":[11,76,219,241],"differentiated":[12],"by":[13,221],"arranging":[14],"appropriate":[15],"reinforcement":[16,42,64,146],"conditions.":[17],"For":[18,169],"example,":[19],"Skinner":[20,25],"(1938)":[21],"and":[22,24,32,51,188],"Ferster":[23],"(1957)":[26],"have":[27],"selectively":[28],"reinforced":[29,157],"duration,":[30],"force,":[31],"rate":[33],"of":[34,58,96,102,114,134,147,151,191,206,214,225,245],"lever":[35],"pressing":[36],"rats.":[38],"In":[39,237],"each":[40],"case,":[41],"was":[43,52],"applied":[44],"whenever":[45],"the":[46,59,79,103,109,115,121,131,135,144,148,160,175,177,182,189,204,207,238,243],"correct":[47],"variation":[49,82],"occurred":[50],"withheld":[53],"for":[54,71],"all":[55],"other":[56,228],"response.":[60],"However,":[61],"this":[62,192],"all-or-none":[63],"probably":[66],"not":[67,200],"a":[68,84,152,166,210,222,233],"necessary":[69],"condition":[70],"differentiation;":[73],"it":[74],"may":[75],"sufficient":[77],"specified":[80,136],"receive":[83],"slightly":[85],"more":[86],"favorable":[87],"reward":[88,122],"(e.g.,":[89],"larger":[90],"amount,":[91],"shorter":[92],"delay,":[93],"higher":[94],"percentage":[95],"reward)":[97],"than":[98,229],"do":[99,199],"alternative":[100],"operant.":[104],"Under":[105],"such":[106],"conditions,":[107],"if":[108],"normal":[110],"variability":[111],"details":[113],"ensures":[117],"some":[118],"experience":[119],"with":[120,143],"differential,":[123],"then":[124],"we":[125,171],"would":[126],"expect":[127],"increase":[129],"relative":[132],"frequency":[133],"variation.":[138],"The":[139],"present":[140],"experiments":[141],"deal":[142],"selective":[145],"temporal":[149],"characteristics":[150],"behavior":[153,226],"chain.":[154],"Rats":[155],"were":[156],"according":[158],"to":[159,164,174,180,240],"time":[187],"they":[162],"took":[163],"traverse":[165],"straight":[167],"runway.":[168],"convenience,":[170],"shall":[172],"refer":[173],"rat":[178],"takes":[179],"reach":[181],"end":[183],"box":[184],"as":[185,194],"reciprocal":[190],"speed.":[196],"Such":[197],"measures":[198],"imply":[201],"anything":[202],"about":[203],"form":[205],"response;":[208],"e.g.,":[209],"long":[211],"5":[215],"sec.":[216],"(say)":[217],"achieved":[220],"large":[223],"number":[224],"sequences":[227],"running":[230],"forward":[231],"at":[232],"steady":[234],"slow":[235],"pace.":[236],"studies":[239],"reported":[242],"delay":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}