{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987536330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","title":"Graphic Pain Rating Scale Reliability using Generalizability Theory","display_name":"Graphic Pain Rating Scale Reliability using Generalizability Theory","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987536330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","mag":"1987536330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14544163","display_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","issn_l":"0195-9131","issn":["0195-9131","1530-0315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035738299","display_name":"Brian G. Ragan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian G. Ragan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038987364","display_name":"Minsoo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9225-1004","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9225-1004","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-3076"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minsoo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025356226","display_name":"Tanya Marquez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144884","display_name":"Decatur Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03wtwre51","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144884"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanya Marquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Decatur Memorial Hospital: Sports Medicine & Physical Therapy, Decatur, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Decatur Memorial Hospital: Sports Medicine & Physical Therapy, Decatur, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144884"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035378124","display_name":"Gerald W. Bell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald W. Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037738929","display_name":"Weimo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-8104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-8104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sponsor: Weimo Zhu, FACSM)","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sponsor: Weimo Zhu, FACSM)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"Supplement","first_page":"S295","last_page":"S295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10280","display_name":"Shoulder Injury and Treatment","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10280","display_name":"Shoulder Injury and Treatment","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.3508000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoulder-pain","display_name":"shoulder pain","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"generalizability theory","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collegiate-swimmers","display_name":"collegiate swimmers","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-error-of-measurement","display_name":"standard error of measurement","score":0.8579999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.9076336622238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777325788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16363","display_name":"Shoulders","level":2,"score":0.7063708305358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6771519780158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.6022644639015198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.5807454586029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.44522637128829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70364389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18757","display_name":"Validity","level":3,"score":0.42428433895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3560645878314972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.30988821387290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21603190898895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.19167467951774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.1479181945323944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.11325731873512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14544163","display_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","issn_l":"0195-9131","issn":["0195-9131","1530-0315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1097/00005768-200405001-01413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14544163","display_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","issn_l":"0195-9131","issn":["0195-9131","1530-0315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411054459","https://openalex.org/W7166442185","https://openalex.org/W2054323100","https://openalex.org/W2800790189","https://openalex.org/W4386582583","https://openalex.org/W3004680508","https://openalex.org/W4414907839","https://openalex.org/W4390484557","https://openalex.org/W3005728586","https://openalex.org/W3102976994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"2045":[0],"Researchers":[1],"have":[2,49],"reported":[3,103,120],"40\u201370%":[4],"of":[5,56,83,95,117,127,170,191,236,334,342,349],"elite":[6],"swimmers":[7,75,102,119],"experience":[8,85],"shoulder":[9,24],"pain.":[10],"A":[11,188],"valid":[12],"and":[13,22,41,47,115,174,185,205,243,249],"reliable":[14,317],"pain":[15,25,121,132,351],"scale":[16,352],"is":[17,195,305,355],"therefore":[18],"critical":[19],"in":[20,77,107,112,122,133,150,219],"diagnosing":[21],"preventing":[23],"among":[26],"swimmers.":[27],"The":[28,54,80,130,197,210,225,257,265,310],"Graphic":[29],"Pain":[30,304],"Rating":[31],"Scale":[32],"(GPRS)":[33],"with":[34,92,167,345],"one":[35,260],"item":[36],"was":[37,59,136,160,214,245,253,263],"developed":[38],"by":[39,138,216],"Denegar":[40],"Perrin":[42],"(1992),":[43],"but":[44],"its":[45],"validity":[46],"reliability":[48,62,182,189,273,337],"not":[50,314],"been":[51],"reported.":[52],"PURPOSE:":[53],"purpose":[55],"this":[57,128],"study":[58,159,227],"to":[60,89,162,180,307,331],"establish":[61],"estimates":[63],"for":[64,143,234,247,255,259,284,292,300],"GPRS":[65,139,312],"using":[66],"a":[67,93,141,147,157,316,326,346,350],"college":[68],"swimmer":[69],"sample.":[70],"METHODS:":[71],"Twenty-four":[72],"female":[73],"collegiate":[74],"participated":[76],"the":[78,101,113,118,123,151,164,168,171,230,237,239,271,275,335],"study.":[79,129],"participants'":[81,131],"years":[82,91],"swimming":[84],"ranged":[86],"from":[87],"8":[88],"17":[90],"mean":[94],"12.09":[96],"\u00b1":[97],"2.91":[98],"years.":[99],"All":[100],"having":[104],"some":[105],"discomfort":[106],"their":[108,134],"shoulders":[109,135],"during":[110,146],"practice":[111],"past":[114],"22":[116],"data":[124],"collection":[125],"period":[126],"measured":[137],"twice":[140],"day":[142,208,252,283,291,299,324],"four":[144],"days":[145,203,220,244],"typical":[148],"week":[149],"competitive":[152],"season.":[153],"Generalizability":[154],"theory":[155],"through":[156],"G":[158,226],"used":[161,213],"calculate":[163],"error":[165,341],"associated":[166,344],"components":[169],"measurement":[172,211,266],"procedure":[173],"follow-up":[175],"D":[176],"studies":[177],"were":[178,200,279],"performed":[179],"estimate":[181],"coefficients":[183],"(G-":[184],"Phi":[186],"coefficients).":[187],"coefficient":[190,276],"0.80":[192],"or":[193,287,295],"greater":[194],"desired.":[196],"facets":[198],"included":[199],"person":[201,215,231,242],"(P),":[202],"(D),":[204],"trials":[206,217,250],"per":[207,251,282,290,298,323],"(T:D).":[209],"model":[212],"nested":[218],"(P":[221],"\u00d7":[222],"T:D).":[223],"RESULTS:":[224],"revealed":[228],"that":[229,268],"facet":[232],"accounted":[233],"27%":[235],"variance,":[238],"interaction":[240],"between":[241],"responsible":[246,254],"16%,":[248],"11%.":[256],"G-coefficient":[258],"time":[261],"administration":[262,348],".30.":[264],"models":[267],"could":[269],"meet":[270],"desired":[272],"(i.e.,":[274,338],"=":[277],".8)":[278],"10":[280],"times":[281,289,297,322],"3":[285,296],"days,":[286,294],"4":[288,293],"5":[301],"days.":[302,328],"CONCLUSIONS:":[303],"difficult":[306],"reliably":[308],"measure.":[309],"one-item":[311],"does":[313],"provide":[315],"measure":[318],"unless":[319],"administered":[320],"multiple":[321],"over":[325],"few":[327],"Clinicians":[329],"need":[330],"be":[332],"aware":[333],"poor":[336],"large":[339],"standard":[340],"measurement)":[343],"one-time":[347],"before":[353],"treatment":[354],"altered.":[356]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}