{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987109701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","title":"THE RACE/ETHNICITY DISPARITY IN MISDEMEANOR MARIJUANA ARRESTS IN NEW YORK CITY*","display_name":"THE RACE/ETHNICITY DISPARITY IN MISDEMEANOR MARIJUANA ARRESTS IN NEW YORK CITY*","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987109701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","mag":"1987109701","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18841246","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2561263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764941010","display_name":"Criminology & Public Policy","issn_l":"1538-6473","issn":["1538-6473","1745-9133"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminology & Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2561263","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019542917","display_name":"Andrew Lang Golub","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331203130","display_name":"National Development and Research Institutes","ror":"https://ror.org/00zfzef50","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331203130"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ANDREW GOLUB","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Development and Research Institutes, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Development and Research Institutes, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331203130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017952950","display_name":"Bruce D. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-783X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-783X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331203130","display_name":"National Development and Research Institutes","ror":"https://ror.org/00zfzef50","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331203130"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"BRUCE D. JOHNSON","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Development and Research Institutes, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Development and Research Institutes, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331203130"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113446373","display_name":"Eloise Dunlap","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331203130","display_name":"National Development and Research Institutes","ror":"https://ror.org/00zfzef50","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331203130"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ELOISE DUNLAP","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Development and Research Institutes, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Development and Research Institutes, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331203130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331203130"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.7122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":207,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99626475,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"131","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.0786999985575676,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-york-city-police-department","display_name":"New York City Police Department","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pretrial-detention","display_name":"pretrial detention","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-policy","display_name":"drug policy","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order-maintenance","display_name":"order maintenance","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778252816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694324","display_name":"Misdemeanor","level":2,"score":0.9891035556793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6300816535949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5575573444366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992711187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35535","display_name":"Police department","level":2,"score":0.41717249155044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36850666999816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35491612553596497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.25630807876586914}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00426.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764941010","display_name":"Criminology & Public Policy","issn_l":"1538-6473","issn":["1538-6473","1745-9133"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminology & Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18841246","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18841246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminology & public policy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2561263","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2561263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Criminol Public Policy","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2561263","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2561263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Criminol Public Policy","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1539489689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32DA007233\u00a0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2707728628","display_name":"Marijuana/Blunts:  Use, Subcultures and Markets","funder_award_id":"R01DA013690","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5094289462","display_name":"Transient Domesticity and Drugs: Ethnography Informs a Nationwide Analysis","funder_award_id":"R01DA021827","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G558321319","display_name":"Behavioral Sciences Training in Drug Abuse Research","funder_award_id":"5t32da007233-40","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578564717","https://openalex.org/W612540183","https://openalex.org/W631533447","https://openalex.org/W652602929","https://openalex.org/W1490091093","https://openalex.org/W1510686534","https://openalex.org/W1534502015","https://openalex.org/W1578363280","https://openalex.org/W1585078405","https://openalex.org/W1599035031","https://openalex.org/W1602929454","https://openalex.org/W1742084206","https://openalex.org/W1833273600","https://openalex.org/W1901193643","https://openalex.org/W2002087186","https://openalex.org/W2021881014","https://openalex.org/W2038075226","https://openalex.org/W2045447861","https://openalex.org/W2068202857","https://openalex.org/W2075042263","https://openalex.org/W2098322290","https://openalex.org/W2113021695","https://openalex.org/W2151056380","https://openalex.org/W2151451854","https://openalex.org/W2152030926","https://openalex.org/W3006456228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098092966","https://openalex.org/W1985474751","https://openalex.org/W1966596700","https://openalex.org/W1534502015","https://openalex.org/W3122435151","https://openalex.org/W1602206788","https://openalex.org/W4200334979","https://openalex.org/W75452915","https://openalex.org/W7014903483","https://openalex.org/W6992812722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"RESEARCH":[0],"SUMMARY:":[1],"This":[2],"article":[3],"examines":[4],"the":[5,30,58,60,78,97,144,149,159,170,213,222],"growth":[6],"in":[7,11,69,197],"marijuana":[8,68,196],"misdemeanor":[9,81],"arrests":[10,90,95],"New":[12,31],"York":[13,32],"City":[14,33],"(NYC)":[15],"from":[16],"1980":[17],"to":[18,124,128,133,219,225],"2003":[19],"and":[20,26,42,91,116,131,157,201],"its":[21,38,48,227],"differential":[22],"impact":[23],"on":[24,154,175],"blacks":[25],"Hispanics.":[27],"Since":[28],"1980,":[29],"Police":[34],"Department":[35],"(NYPD)":[36],"expanded":[37],"use":[39],"of":[40,63,86,100,143,161,215],"arrest":[41],"detention":[43],"for":[44,84,229],"minor":[45],"offenses":[46],"under":[47],"quality-of-life":[49],"(QOL)":[50],"policing":[51,65],"initiative.":[52],"Arrest":[53],"data":[54],"indicate":[55],"that":[56,148,179,190,209,221],"during":[57],"1990s":[59],"primary":[61,98],"focus":[62,99],"QOL":[64],"became":[66],"smoking":[67,195],"public":[70,198],"view":[71],"(MPV).":[72],"By":[73],"2000,":[74],"MPV":[75,107,118,155,181],"had":[76],"become":[77],"most":[79,106,180],"common":[80],"arrest,":[82],"accounting":[83],"15%":[85],"all":[87],"NYC":[88,210],"adult":[89],"rivaling":[92],"controlled":[93],"substance":[94],"as":[96],"drug":[101],"abuse":[102],"control.":[103],"Of":[104],"note,":[105],"arrestees":[108,119,182],"have":[109,120],"been":[110,121],"black":[111,115],"or":[112],"Hispanic.":[113],"Furthermore,":[114,187],"Hispanic":[117],"more":[122],"likely":[123],"be":[125,185],"detained":[126],"prior":[127],"arraignment,":[129],"convicted,":[130],"sentenced":[132],"jail":[134],"than":[135],"their":[136],"white":[137],"counterparts.":[138],"POLICY":[139],"IMPLICATIONS:":[140],"In":[141],"light":[142],"disparities,":[145],"we":[146,188,206],"recommend":[147,189],"NYPD":[150],"consider":[151,193],"scaling":[152],"back":[153],"enforcement":[156],"reducing":[158],"harshness":[160],"treatment":[162],"by":[163],"routinely":[164],"issuing":[165],"Desk":[166],"Appearance":[167],"Tickets":[168],"when":[169],"person":[171],"is":[172],"not":[173,184,202],"wanted":[174],"other":[176],"charges,":[177],"so":[178],"would":[183],"detained.":[186],"legislators":[191],"should":[192],"making":[194],"a":[199,203],"violation":[200],"misdemeanor.":[204],"Lastly,":[205],"suggest":[207],"ways":[208],"could":[211],"monitor":[212],"effectiveness":[214],"these":[216],"policy":[217],"modifications":[218],"assure":[220],"city":[223],"continues":[224],"meet":[226],"goals":[228],"order":[230],"maintenance.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}