{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986804973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","title":"What\u2019s in a Smile? Cultural Differences in the Effects of Smiling on Judgments of Trustworthiness","display_name":"What\u2019s in a Smile? Cultural Differences in the Effects of Smiling on Judgments of Trustworthiness","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986804973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","mag":"1986804973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5178/lebs.2010.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","pdf_url":"https://lebs.hbesj.org/index.php/lebs/article/download/lebs.2010.4/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59402630","display_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science","issn_l":"1884-927X","issn":["1884-927X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://lebs.hbesj.org/index.php/lebs/article/download/lebs.2010.4/10","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082494757","display_name":"Hiroki Ozono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5495-9079","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5495-9079"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Ozono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059662579","display_name":"Motoki Watabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-2271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-2271"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405287068","display_name":"Waseda Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/04177mr72","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194","https://openalex.org/I4405287068"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Motoki Watabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194","https://openalex.org/I4405287068"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074815260","display_name":"Sakiko Yoshikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0122-2006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0122-2006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakiko Yoshikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Satoshi Nakashima","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Nakashima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Kyoto University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Kyoto University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075563437","display_name":"Nicholas O. Rule","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2332-9058","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2332-9058"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas O. Rule","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Tufts University","Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Tufts University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055060173","display_name":"Nalini Ambady","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nalini Ambady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Tufts University","Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Tufts University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Psychology, Tufts University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014445825","display_name":"Reginald B. Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-0109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-0109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reginald B. Adams, Jr.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7911,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83245307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"15","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.711899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.711899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.25459998846054077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11454","display_name":"Cultural Differences and Values","score":0.021800000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smile","display_name":"smiling","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness-judgments","display_name":"trustworthiness judgments","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expressions","display_name":"facial expressions","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smile-intensity","display_name":"smile intensity","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-symmetry","display_name":"facial symmetry","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-comparison","display_name":"cross-cultural comparison","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-perception","display_name":"face perception","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"nonverbal communication","score":0.6240000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.7712185382843018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7270176410675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5558722615242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5369052886962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780208632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15173","display_name":"Upper lip","level":2,"score":0.4386339783668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.18504619598388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0895216166973114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5178/lebs.2010.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","pdf_url":"https://lebs.hbesj.org/index.php/lebs/article/download/lebs.2010.4/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59402630","display_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science","issn_l":"1884-927X","issn":["1884-927X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.LEBS.hbesj.org:article/5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://lebs.hbesj.org/index.php/lebs/article/view/lebs.2010.4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400509","display_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science (Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science; Vol 1, No 1 (2010): Special Issue: Cheater/Cooperator Detection; 15-18","raw_type":"Peer-reviewed Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/33144","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33144","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/f53e2e20-6353-427e-bae0-2dba617413a8/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article Post-Print"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.740.991","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.740.991","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ambadylab.stanford.edu/pubs/2010-Ozono%20et%20al.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2466678360","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/rule/pubs/2010/Ozono_etal(2010).pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5178/lebs.2010.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.4","pdf_url":"https://lebs.hbesj.org/index.php/lebs/article/download/lebs.2010.4/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59402630","display_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science","issn_l":"1884-927X","issn":["1884-927X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1986804973.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1986804973.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1591806569","https://openalex.org/W1786196661","https://openalex.org/W1997851048","https://openalex.org/W2017508593","https://openalex.org/W2029990227","https://openalex.org/W2037365620","https://openalex.org/W2043989834","https://openalex.org/W2118999532","https://openalex.org/W2129675994","https://openalex.org/W2141208341","https://openalex.org/W3122188364"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095649730","https://openalex.org/W2004721883","https://openalex.org/W1979278974","https://openalex.org/W2775140384","https://openalex.org/W2223676306","https://openalex.org/W2997370548","https://openalex.org/W4307897316","https://openalex.org/W7043454956","https://openalex.org/W1966989775","https://openalex.org/W2202036599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"do":[1],"people":[2],"detect":[3],"trustworthiness":[4],"in":[5,25,79],"others?":[6],"Some":[7],"researchers":[8],"have":[9],"shown":[10],"that":[11,116],"research":[12],"participants":[13,118,145],"trust":[14],"smiling":[15],"faces":[16,71,123,137,150],"more":[17,121,148],"than":[18],"non-smiling":[19],"faces.":[20],"We":[21,29],"examined":[22],"cultural":[23],"differences":[24],"this":[26],"\u201csmile":[27],"effect.\u201d":[28],"investigated":[30],"whether":[31],"three":[32],"elements":[33],"of":[34,58,64,77,87,160,165],"a":[35],"smile":[36,42,130,162,166],"(smile":[37],"intensity":[38,43,76,127],"at":[39,44],"the":[40,45,80,88],"eyes,":[41],"mouth,":[46,83],"and":[47,54,67,82,84,101,128],"facial":[48],"symmetry)":[49],"would":[50],"differently":[51],"influence":[52,159],"American":[53,66,100,144],"Japanese":[55,69,91,103,117],"participants\u2019":[56],"judgments":[57],"trustworthiness.":[59,112],"In":[60,142],"our":[61],"experiment,":[62],"images":[63,94],"54":[65],"69":[68],"male":[70],"were":[72,95,106],"initially":[73],"rated":[74,119,133,146],"for":[75,85],"expression":[78],"eyes":[81],"symmetry":[86],"smile,":[89],"by":[90],"participants.":[92],"The":[93,113],"then":[96],"presented":[97],"to":[98,108],"142":[99],"80":[102],"participants,":[104],"who":[105],"asked":[107],"rate":[109],"each":[110],"face\u2019s":[111],"results":[114],"showed":[115],"as":[120,134,147],"trustworthy":[122,136,149],"with":[124,138,151],"greater":[125,129,139,152],"upper-half":[126,161],"symmetry,":[131],"but":[132,155],"less":[135],"lower-half":[140,153],"intensity.":[141],"contrast,":[143],"intensity,":[154,163],"there":[156],"was":[157],"no":[158],"nor":[164],"symmetry.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
