{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986384244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","title":"Star Formation History and Stellar Metallicity Distribution in a Cold Dark Matter Universe","display_name":"Star Formation History and Stellar Metallicity Distribution in a Cold Dark Matter Universe","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986384244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","mag":"1986384244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/322293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/322293/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/322293/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055002846","display_name":"Kentaro Nagamine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-8487","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-8487"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kentaro Nagamine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Joseph Henry Laboratories, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Joseph Henry Laboratories, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Masataka Fukugita","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155299","display_name":"Institute for Cosmic Ray Research","ror":"https://ror.org/008td3p62","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155299","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masataka Fukugita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540","Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo 188, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo 188, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155299","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019025722","display_name":"Renyue Cen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8531-9536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8531-9536"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renyue Cen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jeremiah P. Ostriker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremiah P. Ostriker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Observatory, Peyton Hall, Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.435,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96879315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"558","issue":"2","first_page":"497","last_page":"504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation-history","display_name":"star formation history","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-metallicity-distribution","display_name":"stellar metallicity distribution","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-dark-matter","display_name":"cold dark matter","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lambda-cdm-cosmology","display_name":"LambdaCDM cosmology","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dust-attenuation","display_name":"dust attenuation","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-evolution","display_name":"galaxy evolution","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dwarf-galaxies","display_name":"dwarf galaxies","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-ages","display_name":"stellar ages","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9254999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.8234999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99465377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217030","display_name":"Metallicity","level":3,"score":0.7264000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126320844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153477","display_name":"Cold dark matter","level":3,"score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.48240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37119246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190438","display_name":"Dwarf galaxy","level":3,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C871022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184348","display_name":"Elliptical galaxy","level":3,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995140","display_name":"Galaxy formation and evolution","level":3,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84999194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1","display_name":"Universe","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C438757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654754","display_name":"Dwarf spheroidal galaxy","level":5,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134122466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192078","display_name":"Lenticular galaxy","level":4,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110472602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472","display_name":"Stellar evolution","level":3,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113789861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3406262","display_name":"Dwarf galaxy problem","level":5,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63585750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488","display_name":"Spiral galaxy","level":3,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201051825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999487","display_name":"Surface brightness fluctuation","level":5,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159249277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925","display_name":"Dark matter","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188525179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190397","display_name":"Irregular galaxy","level":5,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5788528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042750","display_name":"Stellar mass loss","level":4,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151532515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266034","display_name":"Dark galaxy","level":5,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/322293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/322293/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/0011472","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0011472","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0011472","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:481446","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/481446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0011472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0011472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0011472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/322293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/322293","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/322293/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1986384244.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1986384244.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484786169","https://openalex.org/W1619886093","https://openalex.org/W1929623410","https://openalex.org/W1964055719","https://openalex.org/W1964280853","https://openalex.org/W1966695703","https://openalex.org/W1968879722","https://openalex.org/W1969174337","https://openalex.org/W1969514664","https://openalex.org/W1970042327","https://openalex.org/W1971999183","https://openalex.org/W1972346442","https://openalex.org/W1974159111","https://openalex.org/W1978019196","https://openalex.org/W1981729767","https://openalex.org/W1983751127","https://openalex.org/W1988066154","https://openalex.org/W1990845972","https://openalex.org/W1992672178","https://openalex.org/W2000369716","https://openalex.org/W2005851264","https://openalex.org/W2009160297","https://openalex.org/W2016182884","https://openalex.org/W2022988272","https://openalex.org/W2029659558","https://openalex.org/W2032469582","https://openalex.org/W2034432536","https://openalex.org/W2044781714","https://openalex.org/W2045124677","https://openalex.org/W2053195942","https://openalex.org/W2054991847","https://openalex.org/W2062073902","https://openalex.org/W2064662554","https://openalex.org/W2064912632","https://openalex.org/W2065320074","https://openalex.org/W2070031343","https://openalex.org/W2070951122","https://openalex.org/W2071818181","https://openalex.org/W2076229135","https://openalex.org/W2077495516","https://openalex.org/W2082012530","https://openalex.org/W2084178876","https://openalex.org/W2095358030","https://openalex.org/W2097302093","https://openalex.org/W2101058963","https://openalex.org/W2125161872","https://openalex.org/W2131462302","https://openalex.org/W2132080441","https://openalex.org/W2132575702","https://openalex.org/W2133726866","https://openalex.org/W2146611830","https://openalex.org/W2147342626","https://openalex.org/W2155066650","https://openalex.org/W2157594202","https://openalex.org/W2159644995","https://openalex.org/W2161078062","https://openalex.org/W2165172508","https://openalex.org/W3037270995","https://openalex.org/W3098093324","https://openalex.org/W3100401081","https://openalex.org/W3102942547","https://openalex.org/W3106305967","https://openalex.org/W3106526798","https://openalex.org/W4246614606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098554282","https://openalex.org/W7100976267","https://openalex.org/W2025078251","https://openalex.org/W2147997654","https://openalex.org/W7097459290","https://openalex.org/W2127401288","https://openalex.org/W1800237756","https://openalex.org/W781768005","https://openalex.org/W3099081690","https://openalex.org/W2165016491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"study":[1],"star":[2,27,84],"formation":[3,28,60,85],"history":[4],"and":[5,104,122],"stellar":[6],"metallicity":[7,121,131,156,181],"distribution":[8],"in":[9,11,31,61,81,161],"galaxies":[10,64,83,113,159,169],"a":[12,19,26,42,77,117,141,176],"\u039b":[13],"cold":[14],"dark":[15],"matter":[16],"universe":[17],"using":[18],"hydrodynamic":[20],"cosmological":[21],"simulation.":[22],"Our":[23],"model":[24],"predicts":[25],"rate":[29,75],"declining":[30,74],"time":[32],"exponentially":[33,73],"from":[34,146],"an":[35,72,88],"early":[36,89],"epoch":[37],"to":[38,67,149,184],"the":[39,51,68,95,162],"present":[40],"on":[41,76,190],"timescale":[43],"of":[44,94,120,132,144,157,179],"6":[45],"Gyr,":[46],"which":[47],"is":[48,160],"consistent":[49],"with":[50,55,71,101,116,196],"empirical":[52],"Madau":[53],"plot":[54],"modest":[56],"dust":[57],"obscuration.":[58],"Star":[59],"L":[62],"*":[63],"continues":[65],"intermittently":[66],"present,":[69],"also":[70],"similar":[78],"timescale,":[79],"whereas":[80],"small":[82],"ceases":[86],"at":[87,108,126],"epoch.":[90],"The":[91,154],"mean":[92,155,180],"age":[93],"extant":[96],"stars":[97,115,124,139,174],"decreases":[98],"only":[99,172],"slowly":[100],"increasing":[102],"redshift":[103],"exceeds":[105],"1":[106,129],"Gyr":[107],"z":[109,127],"=":[110],"3.":[111],"Normal":[112],"contain":[114,171],"wide":[118,142,177],"range":[119,143,163,178],"age:":[123],"formed":[125],"<":[128],"have":[130,175],"0.1-1.0":[133,164],"Z":[134,151,165,186],"\u2609":[135,152,166,187],",":[136],"while":[137],"old":[138,173],"take":[140],"values,":[145],"10":[147],"-6":[148],"3.0":[150],".":[153,167],"normal":[158,197],"Dwarf":[168],"that":[170],"(10":[182],"-4":[183],"1.0":[185],"),":[188],"but":[189],"average":[191],"they":[192],"are":[193],"metal-deficient":[194],"compared":[195],"galaxies.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}