{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986182497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.968609","title":"Limitations On Biomagnetic Imaging","display_name":"Limitations On Biomagnetic Imaging","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986182497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.968609","mag":"1986182497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.968609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.968609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.968609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109962844","display_name":"Robert E. Alvarez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aprend Technology (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aprend Technology (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109962844"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5208,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93273092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"0914","issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.836899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.836899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":0.1136000007390976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.017899999395012856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomagnetic-imaging","display_name":"biomagnetic imaging","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/squid-magnetometer","display_name":"SQUID magnetometer","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-noise","display_name":"quantum noise","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackbody-radiation","display_name":"blackbody radiation","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer-noise","display_name":"magnetometer noise","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"image resolution","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-noise-limit","display_name":"quantum noise limit","score":0.49799999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.7250254154205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7065268754959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777743550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81900","display_name":"Squid","level":2,"score":0.6410342454910278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.6244348883628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111996192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269075","display_name":"Quantum noise","level":3,"score":0.5772396326065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5219642519950867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.5000832080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4940348267555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78902741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915071","display_name":"Biomagnetism","level":3,"score":0.4304678738117218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89143813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105423","display_name":"Quantum sensor","level":5,"score":0.41440004110336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.3985856771469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.34379124641418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.20878437161445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14588308334350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.13177084922790527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161166931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269096","display_name":"Quantum simulator","level":4,"score":0.11592346429824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.968609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.968609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.968609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995805473","https://openalex.org/W2588336658","https://openalex.org/W2077971956","https://openalex.org/W2023887140","https://openalex.org/W2485590919","https://openalex.org/W2465354480","https://openalex.org/W1996749075","https://openalex.org/W2089928019","https://openalex.org/W2041287130","https://openalex.org/W2054616146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14,54,67,100],"effects":[1],"of":[2,21,57,69,90,112,119],"thermal":[3,15,74],"radiation":[4,23,75],"and":[5,116],"quantum":[6,55,81],"detector":[7,34],"noise":[8,16,42,59,65,76,82,106],"on":[9,33,48,108],"biomagnetic":[10,96],"imaging":[11,120],"are":[12,36,60],"discussed.":[13],"due":[17],"to":[18,63,80,122],"the":[19,25,41,64,70,94,105,109,113,117],"reception":[20],"blackbody":[22],"by":[24,38],"magnetometer":[26,46],"sensing":[27],"coil":[28,115,124],"is":[29,77,86,126],"described.":[30,127],"Quantum":[31],"limits":[32,56],"performance":[35],"calculated":[37],"first":[39],"deriving":[40],"in":[43,84],"a":[44,49,88],"SQUID":[45,58],"based":[47],"small":[50],"signal":[51],"circuit":[52],"model.":[53,66],"then":[61],"applied":[62],"results":[68],"calculations":[71],"show":[72,103],"that":[73,104],"negligible":[78],"compared":[79],"which,":[83],"turn,":[85],"about":[87],"factor":[89],"50":[91],"less":[92],"than":[93],"minimum":[95],"fields":[97],"now":[98],"measurable.":[99],"models":[101],"also":[102],"depends":[107],"effective":[110],"volume":[111],"pickup":[114,123],"relationship":[118],"resolution":[121],"geometry":[125]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
