{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985969936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.27","title":"Ex Ante versus Ex Post Optimal Promotion Rules: The Case of Internal Promotion","display_name":"Ex Ante versus Ex Post Optimal Promotion Rules: The Case of Internal Promotion","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985969936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.27","mag":"1985969936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ei/41.1.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.27","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070070185","display_name":"Michael Waldman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2103-706X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2103-706X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Waldman","raw_affiliation_strings":["I Would like to thank Dave Butz, Harold Demsetz Bruce Fallick, Robert Gibbons, Bengt Holmstrom, Robert Hutchens, Pule Milgrom, olivia Mitchell, Ian Novos, Mark Rebick, Jean rosenthal, Ken sokoloff, two anonymous referees, the editor William S. Neilson, and participants at workshops at Cornell University, UCLA, and the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Economics for helpful comments","Waldman: Charles H. Dyson Professor in Management and Professor of Economics, Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. E-mail mw46@cornell.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I Would like to thank Dave Butz, Harold Demsetz Bruce Fallick, Robert Gibbons, Bengt Holmstrom, Robert Hutchens, Pule Milgrom, olivia Mitchell, Ian Novos, Mark Rebick, Jean rosenthal, Ken sokoloff, two anonymous referees, the editor William S. Neilson, and participants at workshops at Cornell University, UCLA, and the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Economics for helpful comments","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waldman: Charles H. Dyson Professor in Management and Professor of Economics, Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. E-mail mw46@cornell.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070070185"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90605376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.2069000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.2069000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.14920000731945038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.10809999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-promotion","display_name":"internal promotion","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-inconsistency","display_name":"time inconsistency","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-evaluation-human-resources","display_name":"performance evaluation (human resources)","score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-allocation","display_name":"task allocation","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-systems","display_name":"reward systems","score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive-contracts","display_name":"incentive contracts","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.8812947273254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122251271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940039","display_name":"Ex-ante","level":2,"score":0.7910115718841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5448049306869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.518754243850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191160116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3423709","display_name":"Regulatory focus theory","level":3,"score":0.45242324471473694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1794913411140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.08696293830871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0737658441066742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.05757609009742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ei/41.1.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.27","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480391747","https://openalex.org/W1490571554","https://openalex.org/W1530100043","https://openalex.org/W1966338782","https://openalex.org/W1971310904","https://openalex.org/W1980603183","https://openalex.org/W1984961560","https://openalex.org/W1989319745","https://openalex.org/W1993842545","https://openalex.org/W1999185903","https://openalex.org/W2003560338","https://openalex.org/W2006783790","https://openalex.org/W2017552218","https://openalex.org/W2023050239","https://openalex.org/W2029189742","https://openalex.org/W2040125531","https://openalex.org/W2040830530","https://openalex.org/W2045896582","https://openalex.org/W2049387462","https://openalex.org/W2050904362","https://openalex.org/W2052312063","https://openalex.org/W2056238342","https://openalex.org/W2120570605","https://openalex.org/W2131315379","https://openalex.org/W2169311242","https://openalex.org/W2203738927","https://openalex.org/W2614307743","https://openalex.org/W3021754561","https://openalex.org/W3121127840","https://openalex.org/W3121211347","https://openalex.org/W3121728129","https://openalex.org/W3122173182","https://openalex.org/W3125405027","https://openalex.org/W3125821628","https://openalex.org/W4246015536","https://openalex.org/W4250388725"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117522932","https://openalex.org/W2378780486","https://openalex.org/W3125573071","https://openalex.org/W4367021717","https://openalex.org/W1602523411","https://openalex.org/W2027132678","https://openalex.org/W4319296327","https://openalex.org/W1568839155","https://openalex.org/W2762975052","https://openalex.org/W4243023078"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"firm":[1],"deciding":[2],"on":[3],"its":[4],"promotion":[5,33,43,69,84],"practices":[6],"will":[7],"be":[8,86],"concerned":[9],"both":[10],"with":[11,20],"the":[12,32,39,42,48,62,76,94],"efficient":[13],"assignment":[14],"of":[15,41,64,79,96],"workers":[16],"to":[17,93],"tasks":[18],"and":[19],"rewarding":[21],"prior":[22],"performance.":[23],"This":[24],"can":[25,85],"result":[26],"in":[27,67],"a":[28,89],"time\u2010inconsistency":[29],"problem":[30,95],"because":[31],"rule":[34,49],"that":[35,50,75],"is":[36,51,55],"optimal":[37,52],"at":[38],"time":[40,65,97],"decision":[44],"may":[45],"differ":[46],"from":[47],"before":[53],"performance":[54],"determined.":[56],"In":[57,71],"this":[58],"article":[59],"I":[60,73],"explore":[61],"role":[63],"inconsistency":[66],"determining":[68],"practices.":[70],"particular,":[72],"show":[74],"common":[77],"practice":[78],"favoring":[80],"internal":[81],"candidates":[82],"for":[83],"understood":[87],"as":[88],"response":[90],"by":[91],"firms":[92],"inconsistency.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
