{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985451632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.11.002729","title":"History of Optics at Itek","display_name":"History of Optics at Itek","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985451632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.11.002729","mag":"1985451632","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20119402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.11.002729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.11.002729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.11.002729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049099167","display_name":"F. Dow Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F. Dow Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["The author is with Itek Corporation, Vice President and Corporate Scientist, Lexington, Massachusetts 02173"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The author is with Itek Corporation, Vice President and Corporate Scientist, Lexington, Massachusetts 02173","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049099167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2611,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91977016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"2729","last_page":"2729"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.41850000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.41850000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12836","display_name":"History and Developments in Astronomy","score":0.1753000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.17329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-optics","display_name":"history of optics","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-formation","display_name":"image formation","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-design","display_name":"optical design","score":0.6349999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167740415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213","display_name":"Aerospace","level":2,"score":0.7353910207748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037","display_name":"Corporation","level":2,"score":0.5738717317581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119657128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11633","display_name":"Photography","level":2,"score":0.5422781705856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4628779888153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46165454387664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3973129987716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35733798146247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2950226068496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.26855069398880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22020256519317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.20999619364738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20781630277633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20142361521720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13274690508842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.11.002729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.11.002729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.11.002729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20119402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20119402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied optics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1682068010","https://openalex.org/W1964963162","https://openalex.org/W1980584891","https://openalex.org/W1981615759","https://openalex.org/W1982670023","https://openalex.org/W1992306337","https://openalex.org/W2002900299","https://openalex.org/W2008349367","https://openalex.org/W2016844773","https://openalex.org/W2022352816","https://openalex.org/W2031948791","https://openalex.org/W2037552772","https://openalex.org/W2043982667","https://openalex.org/W2045156878","https://openalex.org/W2045986777","https://openalex.org/W2047746200","https://openalex.org/W2052543434","https://openalex.org/W2054856989","https://openalex.org/W2058345687","https://openalex.org/W2072240527","https://openalex.org/W2072860435","https://openalex.org/W2074317089","https://openalex.org/W2075083441","https://openalex.org/W2078077843","https://openalex.org/W2082209933","https://openalex.org/W2082611106","https://openalex.org/W2084417071","https://openalex.org/W2091742595","https://openalex.org/W2104172234","https://openalex.org/W2108722002","https://openalex.org/W2119604461","https://openalex.org/W2131239571","https://openalex.org/W2150982368","https://openalex.org/W2249454764","https://openalex.org/W2563067383","https://openalex.org/W3081207793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247313637","https://openalex.org/W1968073554","https://openalex.org/W1990146706","https://openalex.org/W4387324473","https://openalex.org/W1980118082","https://openalex.org/W2074135353","https://openalex.org/W4321516476","https://openalex.org/W7167466522","https://openalex.org/W2055022882","https://openalex.org/W2075418184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Itek":[0],"Corporation":[1],"was":[2],"founded":[3],"in":[4,11,46,57,69,77,83],"1957.":[5],"A":[6],"major":[7,35],"business":[8],"quickly":[9],"developed":[10],"the":[12,24,40,43,47,58,66],"manufacture":[13],"of":[14,42,49,65],"large":[15],"precision":[16],"optical":[17],"systems":[18],"principally":[19],"for":[20],"aerospace":[21],"photography.":[22],"While":[23],"company":[25],"is":[26,63],"now":[27],"highly":[28],"diversified,":[29],"this":[30],"work":[31,41],"continues":[32],"as":[33,52],"a":[34],"activity.":[36],"This":[37],"article":[38],"discusses":[39],"group":[44],"especially":[45],"field":[48],"image":[50],"formation":[51],"it":[53],"has":[54],"been":[55],"described":[56],"scientific":[59],"literature.":[60],"An":[61],"outline":[62],"given":[64],"historical":[67],"roots":[68],"earlier":[70],"laboratory":[71],"programs":[72],"beginning":[73],"at":[74,80],"Boston":[75],"University":[76,82],"1946":[78],"and":[79],"Harvard":[81],"1941.":[84]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}