{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985449556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2555733","title":"Bertrand Competition with Subcontracting","display_name":"Bertrand Competition with Subcontracting","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985449556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2555733","mag":"1985449556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2555733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2555733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2555733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34139249","display_name":"The RAND Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0741-6261","issn":["0741-6261","1756-2171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The RAND Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091534174","display_name":"Morton I. Kamien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morton I. Kamien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041906424","display_name":"Lode Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lode Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037277545","display_name":"Dov Samet","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dov Samet","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90177054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"553","last_page":"553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bertrand-competition","display_name":"Bertrand competition","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subcontracting","display_name":"subcontracting","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-competition","display_name":"price competition","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-stage-game","display_name":"two-stage game","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgame-perfect-equilibrium","display_name":"subgame perfect equilibrium","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-bidding","display_name":"tendering","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-optimum","display_name":"social optimum","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-bargaining-solution","display_name":"Nash bargaining solution","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit-sharing","display_name":"profit sharing","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.6588602662086487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6087228655815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.600753903388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175983524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1615834","display_name":"Subgame perfect equilibrium","level":3,"score":0.5621218085289001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5407505035400391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5213121771812439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142470991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828555","display_name":"Bertrand competition","level":4,"score":0.4598904252052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44312548637390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.42015159130096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.36968478560447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16520705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601799","display_name":"Cournot competition","level":2,"score":0.17642247676849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121398111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103639","display_name":"Oligopoly","level":3,"score":0.14555439352989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2555733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2555733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2555733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34139249","display_name":"The RAND Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0741-6261","issn":["0741-6261","1756-2171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The RAND Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nwu:cmsems:785","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/785.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/785.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3124532149","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:nwu:cmsems:785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:rje:randje:v:20:y:1989:i:winter:p:553-567","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0741-6261%28198924%2920%3A4%3C553%3ABCWS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M&origin=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/221144","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/221144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507527008","https://openalex.org/W1562406545","https://openalex.org/W1960943634","https://openalex.org/W1975857255","https://openalex.org/W2080599578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2742720300","https://openalex.org/W1554025180","https://openalex.org/W2326845234","https://openalex.org/W9447294","https://openalex.org/W1880038985","https://openalex.org/W1549238640","https://openalex.org/W2340063265","https://openalex.org/W1782650638","https://openalex.org/W7097695743","https://openalex.org/W1552097708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,237],"investigate":[1],"how":[2],"the":[3,30,45,48,60,63,67,79,90,103,106,111,114,134,137,141,150,154,157,162,165,168,181,184,188,199,222,226,234,244,249,254],"possibility":[4,200],"of":[5,105,113,156,164,198,201,242],"subsequently":[6],"subcontracting":[7,76,202,214,247],"production":[8,52,82],"to":[9,37,53,88],"each":[10,54],"other":[11,151,240],"influences":[12],"rivals'":[13],"initial":[14],"competition":[15,36],"for":[16,75],"a":[17,20,23,39,42,122,173,204],"contract":[18,40],"or":[19,41],"market":[21],"as":[22,253],"two-stage":[24],"game.":[25],"In":[26,44],"its":[27,95,117],"first":[28,108,142,159,189,227],"stage,":[29,47,119,170],"two":[31,250],"firms":[32,49,61,135,182],"engage":[33],"in":[34,116,129,132,140,167,176,179,187,207,225,233],"price":[35,139,186,219,224],"supply":[38,89],"market.":[43],"second":[46,118,169,235],"may":[50,215],"subcontract":[51,115,166],"other.":[55],"It":[56],"is":[57,86,220,230],"supposed":[58],"that":[59,101],"produce":[62],"identical":[64],"product":[65],"with":[66],"same":[68,138,185],"strictly":[69,80],"convex":[70,81],"cost":[71],"function.":[72],"The":[73,196,217],"incentive":[74],"comes":[77],"from":[78,246],"costs.":[83],"A":[84],"firm":[85],"obliged":[87],"entire":[91],"quantity":[92],"demanded":[93],"at":[94],"quoted":[96],"price.":[97],"Our":[98],"analysis":[99],"discloses":[100],"if":[102,153],"winner":[104],"game's":[107,158],"stage":[109,143,160,190],"determines":[110],"terms":[112,163],"there":[120,171],"exists":[121,172],"unique,":[123],"subgame":[124],"perfect":[125],"Nash":[126,255],"equilibrium":[127],"(SPNE)":[128],"pure":[130,177,208],"strategies":[131,178],"which":[133,180],"bid":[136,183],"and":[144,191,229],"both":[145,192],"receive":[146,193],"zero":[147],"profits.":[148,195],"On":[149],"hand,":[152],"loser":[155],"sets":[161],"unique":[174,205],"SPNE":[175,206,218],"positive":[194],"presence":[197],"supports":[203],"strategies,":[209],"even":[210],"though":[211],"no":[212],"actual":[213],"occur.":[216],"below":[221],"socially-optimal":[223],"case":[228],"above":[231],"it":[232],"case.":[236],"also":[238],"consider":[239],"modes":[241],"sharing":[243],"gains":[245],"between":[248],"firms,":[251],"such":[252],"bargaining":[256],"solution.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}