{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985308560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","title":"Picturing the Thing Itself, or Not: Defoe, Painting, Prose Fiction, and the Arts of Describing","display_name":"Picturing the Thing Itself, or Not: Defoe, Painting, Prose Fiction, and the Arts of Describing","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985308560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","mag":"1985308560"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210229554","display_name":"Eighteenth-Century Fiction","issn_l":"0840-6286","issn":["0840-6286","1911-0243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eighteenth-Century Fiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061469009","display_name":"Maximillian E. Novak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maximillian E. Novak","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061469009"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5827,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9724549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12632","display_name":"Visual Culture and Art Theory","score":0.7157999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12632","display_name":"Visual Culture and Art Theory","score":0.7157999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10011","display_name":"Literature: history, themes, analysis","score":0.08500000089406967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12461","display_name":"Narrative Theory and Analysis","score":0.04190000146627426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daniel-defoe","display_name":"Daniel Defoe","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/painting","display_name":"painting","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism-arts","display_name":"realism (arts)","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dutch-painting","display_name":"Dutch painting","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiction","display_name":"fiction","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-representation","display_name":"visual representation","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literary-description","display_name":"literary description","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"deception","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scene","display_name":"scene","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism-in-the-novel","display_name":"realism in the novel","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eighteenth-century-novel","display_name":"eighteenth-century novel","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/george-eliot","display_name":"George Eliot","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robinson-crusoe","display_name":"Robinson Crusoe","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moll-flanders","display_name":"Moll Flanders","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-journal-of-the-plague-year","display_name":"A Journal of the Plague Year","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captain-singleton","display_name":"Captain Singleton","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonel-jack","display_name":"Colonel Jack","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roxana","display_name":"Roxana","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/17th-century-art","display_name":"17th-century art","score":0.42500001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.7129113078117371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205783811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11629","display_name":"Painting","level":2,"score":0.6921654939651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.6282512545585632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781115785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502261","display_name":"Silence","level":2,"score":0.5705180764198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70789860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2018526","display_name":"The arts","level":2,"score":0.5153500437736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13184196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9453","display_name":"Dialectic","level":2,"score":0.4309540390968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.4200126528739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.40825557708740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.3917222321033478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.2199023962020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.12061646580696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.11499783396720886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecf.1996.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210229554","display_name":"Eighteenth-Century Fiction","issn_l":"0840-6286","issn":["0840-6286","1911-0243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eighteenth-Century Fiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/413714","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/413714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571738691","https://openalex.org/W572516612","https://openalex.org/W619450030","https://openalex.org/W1485073272","https://openalex.org/W1546393621","https://openalex.org/W1558190440","https://openalex.org/W2013550537","https://openalex.org/W2042293709","https://openalex.org/W2070307933","https://openalex.org/W2077555421","https://openalex.org/W2117523562","https://openalex.org/W2167790346","https://openalex.org/W2254451648","https://openalex.org/W2797015611","https://openalex.org/W3021330876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389920752","https://openalex.org/W2493783603","https://openalex.org/W1994903957","https://openalex.org/W2581725088","https://openalex.org/W7139009291","https://openalex.org/W2556466319","https://openalex.org/W4367047158","https://openalex.org/W4250145550","https://openalex.org/W2038998316","https://openalex.org/W1979448320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Picturing":[0],"the":[1,11,21,41,55,59,65,74,80,85,87,97,109,117,145,163,171,185,191,214,255,262,276,282,323,335,340,391,397,421,425,430,437,442,460,472,485,530,534,537,541,544,559,564,570,579,599,605,608,614,617,623,634,666],"Thing":[2],"Itself,":[3],"or":[4,687],"Not:":[5],"Defoe,":[6,294],"Painting,":[7],"Prose":[8],"Fiction,":[9],"and":[10,26,52,95,104,138,288,296,338,351,459,520,536,604,619],"Arts":[12,667],"of":[13,58,61,78,84,111,113,119,165,178,275,278,285,301,318,322,328,343,393,400,427,432,439,444,457,469,488,491,532,543,561,563,569,582,593,607,616,646],"Describing":[14],"Maximillian":[15],"E.":[16],"Novak":[17],"This":[18],"essay":[19,200],"explores":[20],"relationship":[22,600],"between":[23,93,601],"Defoe's":[24,205,217,316],"fiction":[25,280,298],"painting,":[27,370],"but,":[28],"in":[29,43,158,174,190,198,207,226,247,326,349,471,511,529,557,585,636,665,668],"a":[30,91,149,220,371,481,591],"broader":[31],"sense,":[32],"I":[33,194,312,354,360,552],"hope":[34],"that":[35,50,151,213,250,259,267,303,373,401,548,566,578,613,644],"my":[36],"investigations":[37],"have":[38,71,454,550,627],"significance":[39],"for":[40,293,466],"novel":[42,75,81,88,98],"general.":[44],"Since":[45],"Ian":[46,386,657],"Watt's":[47],"paradigmatic":[48],"argument":[49],"individualism":[51],"realism":[53,189,218],"are":[54,116],"true":[56],"cause":[57],"proliferation":[60],"novelistic":[62],"texts":[63],"throughout":[64],"eighteenth":[66],"century,":[67],"numerous":[68],"alternative":[69],"scripts":[70],"been":[72,376],"proposed:":[73],"as":[76,82,89,99,331,385,480,500,546],"continuity":[77],"romance;":[79],"continuation":[83],"picaresque;":[86],"representing":[90,177],"dialectic":[92],"empiricism":[94],"morality;":[96],"an":[100,405,413,467,489,501,631],"essentially":[101],"feminine":[102],"text,":[103],"so":[105,509,629],"on.":[106],"Present":[107],"at":[108,513],"heart":[110],"many":[112],"these":[114,159],"scenarios":[115],"fictions":[118],"Daniel":[120],"Defoe:":[121],"Robinson":[122],"Crusoe,":[123],"Moll":[124],"Flanders,":[125],"Captain":[126],"Singleton,":[127],"Memoirs":[128],"afa":[129],"Cavalier,":[130],"A":[131,154],"Journal":[132],"ofthe":[133],"Plague":[134],"Year,":[135],"Colonel":[136],"Jack,":[137],"Roxana.":[139],"If":[140],"Defoe":[141,251,268,367,451,493,573],"is":[142,162,567],"not":[143,453,495,508],"discussed,":[144],"decision":[146],"itself":[147],"represents":[148],"silence":[150,157],"demands":[152],"discussion.":[153],"more":[155],"customary":[156],"paradigms,":[160],"however,":[161],"lack":[164],"any":[166,379,518],"discussion":[167,487],"ofrealist":[168],"painting":[169,208,245,295,330,461,470,586,603],",":[170],"form":[172,258,284],"which,":[173],"its":[175,347],"\"faithful":[176],"commonplace":[179],"things,\"":[180],"seemed":[181],"to":[182,188,196,203,211,265,272,290,307,314,362,418,429,434,441,484,497,523,525,554,575,640],"George":[183,222],"Eliot":[184],"closest":[186],"parallel":[187],"novel.1":[192],"What":[193],"want":[195,361,553],"do":[197,419],"this":[199],"is,":[201],"first,":[202],"establish":[204],"interest":[206,506],";":[209],"second,":[210],"argue":[212],"clich\u00e9":[215],"about":[216,369],"resembling":[219],"1":[221],"Eliot,":[223],"Adam":[224],"Bede,":[225],"Works":[227],"(London:":[228],"Howarden":[229],"Press,":[230,675],"1899),":[231],"1:248.":[232],"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY":[233,242],"FICTION,":[234],"Volume":[235],"9,":[236],"Number":[237],"1,":[238],"October":[239],"1996":[240],"2":[241,655],"FICTION":[243],"Dutch":[244,357,618],"may":[246],"fact":[248],"suggest":[249,291],"drew":[252],"much":[253,510],"from":[254,424,436,622],"contemporary":[256],"artistic":[257],"best":[260],"represented":[261],"real;":[263],"third,":[264],"maintain":[266],"only":[269],"gradually":[270,577],"came":[271],"understand":[273],"some":[274,455],"advantages":[277],"prose":[279,297],"over":[281],"established":[283],"realist":[286,329,583,602],"painting;":[287],"finally,":[289],"that,":[292,384],"embodied":[299],"methods":[300,531],"deception":[302],"could":[304],"be":[305,448,526,588],"turned":[306],"useful":[308],"ends.":[309],"More":[310],"generally,":[311],"wish":[313],"consider":[315],"sense":[317,321],"scene,":[319],"his":[320,464],"visual,":[324],"mainly":[325],"terms":[327],"it":[332,446],"developed":[333],"during":[334,390],"seventeenth":[336],"century":[337,625],"particularly":[339],"realistic":[341],"rendering":[342],"scene":[344],"which":[345,352,637],"had":[346,574,628],"centre":[348],"Holland":[350],"here":[353],"will":[355],"call":[356],"painting.":[358,504],"f,":[359],"begin":[363],"by":[364,652],"considering":[365],"what":[366],"knew":[368],"matter":[372],"has":[374,388,522],"never":[375],"discussed":[377],"with":[378,396,420],"care.":[380],"We":[381],"should":[382],"remember":[383],"Pears":[387],"shown,":[389],"reign":[392],"William":[394],"m,":[395],"great":[398],"auctions":[399],"period,":[402],"paintings":[403,458,615],"became":[404],"important":[406],"commodity.2":[407],"For":[408],"someone":[409],"who":[410],"considered":[411],"himself":[412,499],"expert":[414,502],"on":[415,503,598,633],"everything":[416],"having":[417],"building":[422],"trade,":[423],"manufacture":[426],"bricks":[428],"importing":[431],"lumber":[433],"Britain,":[435],"arrangement":[438],"gardens":[440],"improving":[443],"estates,":[445],"would":[447],"odd":[449],"if":[450],"did":[452,494],"knowledge":[456],"market.":[462],"Though":[463],"proposal":[465],"academy":[468,490],"second":[473],"edition":[474],"ofhis":[475],"Augusta":[476],"Triumphans":[477],"(1728)":[478],"appeared":[479],"mere":[482],"afterthought":[483],"thorough":[486],"music,":[492],"hesitate":[496],"identify":[498],"His":[505],"was":[507],"getting":[512],"\"the":[514],"thing":[515],"itself,\"":[516],"something":[517,547],"writer":[519],"artist":[521],"know":[524],"impossible,":[527],"but":[528],"deceiving":[533],"eye":[535],"mind":[538],"into":[539],"accepting":[540],"presence":[542],"representation":[545],"might":[549,587],"existed.":[551],"show":[555],"how,":[556],"mastering":[558],"kinds":[560],"illusion":[562],"real":[565],"part":[568],"novelists":[571],"art,":[572],"learn":[576],"complex":[580],"system":[581],"presentation":[584],"surpassed":[589],"within":[590],"work":[592],"fiction.":[594],"In":[595],"her":[596],"book":[597],"development":[606],"cinema,":[609],"Anne":[610],"Hollander":[611],"argued":[612],"Flemish":[620],"school":[621],"fifteenth":[624],"onward":[626],"strong":[630],"influence":[632],"ways":[635],"we":[638],"tend":[639],"see":[641],"our":[642],"world":[643],"makers":[645],"motion":[647],"pictures":[648],"were":[649],"strongly":[650],"influenced":[651],"them,":[653],"whether":[654],"See":[656],"Pears,":[658],"The":[659,662,689],"Discovery":[660],"ofPainting:":[661],"Growth":[663],"ofInterest":[664],"England,":[669],"16801768":[670],"(New":[671],"Haven:":[672],"Yale":[673],"University":[674],"1988),":[676],"pp.":[677],"57-64.":[678],"DEFOE":[679],"AND":[680],"THE":[681],"ARTS":[682],"OF":[683],"DESCRIBING":[684],"3":[685],"consciously":[686],"\"unconsciously.\"":[688],"title...":[690]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}