{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985235331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","title":"Graphs as aids to knowledge construction: Signaling techniques for guiding the process of graph comprehension.","display_name":"Graphs as aids to knowledge construction: Signaling techniques for guiding the process of graph comprehension.","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985235331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","mag":"1985235331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61703936","display_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0022-0663","issn":["0022-0663","1939-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026986610","display_name":"Priti Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5908-0453","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5908-0453"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priti Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["U Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047024054","display_name":"Mary Hegarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-8844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-8844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Hegarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Santa Barbara","University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008608861","display_name":"Richard E. Mayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4055-6938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4055-6938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard E. Mayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Santa Barbara","University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":233,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94134136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"91","issue":"4","first_page":"690","last_page":"702"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.573199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.573199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.423799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11875","display_name":"Statistics Education and Methodologies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-interpretation","display_name":"graph interpretation","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-perception","display_name":"visual perception","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptual-grouping","display_name":"perceptual grouping","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inferential-processes","display_name":"inferential processes","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-association","display_name":"pattern association","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trend-detection","display_name":"trend detection","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-construction","display_name":"knowledge construction","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-graphs","display_name":"line graphs","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bar-charts","display_name":"bar charts","score":0.8399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.7258663177490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6370014548301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5222312211990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5184266567230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.45753955841064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.44602739810943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.38205859065055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24669072031974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24110722541809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2368161976337433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.17266947031021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09492605924606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61703936","display_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0022-0663","issn":["0022-0663","1939-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61703936","display_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0022-0663","issn":["0022-0663","1939-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.167.8508","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.167.8508","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/%7Ehegarty/papers/19-graphs%20as%20aids.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.872.6595","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.872.6595","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.csuchico.edu/%7Enschwartz/Shah%2C%20Mayer%2C%20Hegarty%2C%201999.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.880.7877","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.880.7877","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priti_Shah2/publication/232575229_Graphs_as_aids_to_knowledge_construction_Signaling_techniques_for_guiding_the_process_of_graph_comprehension/links/0deec536b890e31a7c000000.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77612647","https://openalex.org/W135339151","https://openalex.org/W203440125","https://openalex.org/W600881208","https://openalex.org/W619563084","https://openalex.org/W1480218038","https://openalex.org/W1521115915","https://openalex.org/W1538394007","https://openalex.org/W1569737621","https://openalex.org/W1588957466","https://openalex.org/W1611115710","https://openalex.org/W1964548530","https://openalex.org/W1971781829","https://openalex.org/W1989304657","https://openalex.org/W1990041608","https://openalex.org/W1990100773","https://openalex.org/W1992101737","https://openalex.org/W2008484014","https://openalex.org/W2012487898","https://openalex.org/W2017756939","https://openalex.org/W2027268193","https://openalex.org/W2040641857","https://openalex.org/W2048380445","https://openalex.org/W2049689197","https://openalex.org/W2066230112","https://openalex.org/W2083009591","https://openalex.org/W2083437154","https://openalex.org/W2091987081","https://openalex.org/W2095738647","https://openalex.org/W2113825416","https://openalex.org/W2132522013","https://openalex.org/W2171138899","https://openalex.org/W2264140324","https://openalex.org/W2611736676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2616627668","https://openalex.org/W3137121595","https://openalex.org/W2051345519","https://openalex.org/W2082296339","https://openalex.org/W2083863157","https://openalex.org/W2030403248","https://openalex.org/W2161828220","https://openalex.org/W1972348076","https://openalex.org/W3180134568","https://openalex.org/W2054026175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphical":[0],"displays":[1],"are":[2,13,132,157,165],"frequently":[3],"used":[4],"to":[5,16,24,46,72,88,124,160],"express":[6],"quantitative":[7,47,119,195],"information":[8,114,120,151,196],"in":[9,39,57,115,135,141,167,198],"texts,":[10],"but":[11,187],"viewers":[12,41,59,105,145,156],"sometimes":[14],"unable":[15],"comprehend":[17,161],"and":[18,36,49,53,81,95,171,193],"learn":[19],"the":[20,78,83,97,109,113,172],"relevant":[21,90,118,129,147,150,162],"information.":[22,91],"According":[23],"a":[25],"cognitive":[26],"analysis,":[27],"graph":[28],"interpretation":[29,107],"involves":[30],"(a)":[31],"relatively":[32],"simple":[33],"pattern":[34,84],"perception":[35],"association":[37,85],"processes":[38,56,80,86],"which":[40,58],"can":[42,69,189],"associate":[43],"graphic":[44],"patterns":[45],"referents":[48],"(b)":[50],"more":[51],"complex":[52],"error-prone":[54],"inferential":[55,79],"must":[60],"mentally":[61],"transform":[62],"data.":[63],"Experiment":[64],"1":[65],"establishes":[66],"that":[67,103],"graphs":[68,137,199],"be":[70],"redesigned":[71],"improve":[73],"viewers'":[74],"interpretations":[75],"by":[76],"minimizing":[77],"maximizing":[82],"required":[87],"interpret":[89],"In":[92],"Experiments":[93],"2":[94],"3,":[96],"researchers":[98],"isolated":[99],"one":[100],"important":[101],"factor":[102],"affects":[104],"'":[106],"(i.e.,":[108],"perceptual":[110],"organization":[111],"of":[112],"graphs).":[116],"If":[117,149],"is":[121,152],"perceptually":[122,154],"grouped":[123],"form":[125],"visual":[126],"chunks":[127],"(because":[128],"data":[130],"points":[131],"either":[133],"connected":[134],"line":[136],"or":[138],"close":[139],"together":[140],"bar":[142],"graphs),":[143],"then":[144],"describe":[146],"trends.":[148,163],"not":[153],"grouped,":[155],"less":[158],"likely":[159],"Graphs":[164],"ubiquitous":[166],"textbooks,":[168],"scientific":[169],"journals,":[170],"popular":[173],"print":[174],"media":[175],"(Kaput,":[176],"1987;":[177],"Kosslyn,":[178],"1994;":[179],"Mayer,":[180,182],"1993b;":[181],"Sims,":[183],"&":[184,201],"Tajika,":[185],"1995),":[186],"people":[188],"have":[190],"difficulty":[191],"interpreting":[192],"explaining":[194],"depicted":[197],"(Culbertson":[200],"Powers,":[202],"1959;":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}