{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985228940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","title":"Quantifying the effects of psychological interventions on employee job performance and work-force productivity.","display_name":"Quantifying the effects of psychological interventions on employee job performance and work-force productivity.","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985228940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","mag":"1985228940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102725948","display_name":"John E. Hunter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-2878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-2878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John E. Hunter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State U"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State U","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014143491","display_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-8418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-8418"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.3914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99286846,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":"473","last_page":"478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11084","display_name":"Workplace Health and Well-being","score":0.05640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14309","display_name":"Employee Performance and Management","score":0.053199999034404755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-performance","display_name":"employee performance","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-productivity","display_name":"labor productivity","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utility-analysis","display_name":"utility analysis","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personnel-selection","display_name":"personnel selection","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-ability-tests","display_name":"cognitive ability tests","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-program","display_name":"training program","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivational-program","display_name":"motivational program","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-interventions","display_name":"organizational interventions","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-error-correction","display_name":"sampling error correction","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error-correction","display_name":"measurement error correction","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-costs","display_name":"labor costs","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-satisfaction","display_name":"job satisfaction","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.6808149814605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.677440881729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6502195596694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.5848702788352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174954385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206740","display_name":"Job performance","level":3,"score":0.568413257598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5249127149581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992962319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628895","display_name":"Work productivity","level":3,"score":0.5053839683532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139140526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034614","display_name":"Job design","level":4,"score":0.4736902713775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2718322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629463","display_name":"Job satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.4688117802143097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88243486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1690954","display_name":"Job enrichment","level":5,"score":0.4430463910102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.41422784328460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130497676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2045692","display_name":"Industrial and organizational psychology","level":2,"score":0.41167595982551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15816012024879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11734935641288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.4.473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.38.4.473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.38.4.473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546098095","https://openalex.org/W1966857577","https://openalex.org/W1970020947","https://openalex.org/W2010337660","https://openalex.org/W2015264714","https://openalex.org/W2031619427","https://openalex.org/W2032460926","https://openalex.org/W2033270934","https://openalex.org/W2042052159","https://openalex.org/W2053657321","https://openalex.org/W2093450704","https://openalex.org/W2095437913","https://openalex.org/W2109262595","https://openalex.org/W2125573080","https://openalex.org/W2137700321","https://openalex.org/W2160871135","https://openalex.org/W2169106160","https://openalex.org/W2797385600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160871135","https://openalex.org/W2119983086","https://openalex.org/W6888823706","https://openalex.org/W2021348819","https://openalex.org/W2074596805","https://openalex.org/W2138602090","https://openalex.org/W2507682449","https://openalex.org/W1993298997","https://openalex.org/W2586311275","https://openalex.org/W2066808282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantification":[0],"of":[1,5,12,18,30,42,45,65,69,75,91,94,113,148,151,160,172,198,215,247,269,277,304,333,339,349,382,407,419,427,450,456,507,545,583,593],"the":[2,14,19,27,31,43,51,66,70,73,92,106,149,157,230,241,245,265,274,319,331,337,380,385,400,405,448,451,581,591,607],"economic":[3,28,67,119,158,452,479],"impact":[4,246,276,455,471],"psychological":[6,284,467,476],"programs":[7,163,458,617],"in":[8,22,33,48,86,126,183,252,299,307,315,328,371,413,423,440,466,539,548],"organizations":[9],"requires":[10],"determination":[11],"(a)":[13,229],"size":[15],"and":[16,25,47,88,98,174,207,220,239,254,322,342,393,421,433,460],"variability":[17],"resulting":[20,85,110],"increase":[21,32,298],"job":[23,34,60,107,205,483,546],"performance,":[24],"(b)":[26,240],"value":[29,68,159],"performance.":[35],"The":[36,169,213],"new":[37],"methods":[38,55,116,429,582],"ofmeta-analysis":[39],"allow":[40],"attainment":[41],"first":[44],"these,":[46],"relation":[49],"to":[50,58,166,180,232,243,336,390,402,497,554,590],"second,":[52],"utility":[53,323,516,584],"analysis":[54,147,446,494,585],"enable":[56],"us":[57],"translate":[59,281,498],"performance":[61,108,206,484,547,615],"increases":[62,109,125,182],"into":[63,290,500],"estimates":[64,90],"program.":[71],"In":[72,510],"area":[74],"personnel":[76,340,511],"selection,":[77,512],"many":[78,161,372],"meta-analytic":[79],"studies":[80,356],"have":[81,117,131,192,312,517,531,586],"already":[82],"been":[83,134,224,313,518,534,552,588],"conducted,":[84],"precise":[87],"genemlizable":[89],"validity":[93],"cognitive":[95],"ability":[96],"tests":[97],"other":[99,394],"selection":[100,115,122,173,341],"procedures.":[101],"Utility":[102,146,445],"analyses":[103],"show":[104],"that":[105,156,186,370,410,470],"from":[111],"use":[112],"valid":[114],"substantial":[118],"value.":[120],"Valid":[121],"produces":[123],"major":[124],"work-force":[127],"productivity.":[128],"State-of-the-art":[129],"meta-analyses":[130],"not":[132,532],"yet":[133],"carried":[135],"out":[136],"for":[137,218,351,404,430,434,514,520,559],"nonselection":[138,175,594],"interventions":[139,176,200,596],"such":[140,162,282,294,504,597],"as":[141,286,295,505,598],"training":[142],"or":[143,301,453,614],"motivational":[144],"programs.":[145],"results":[150,268,354,381],"existing":[152],"reviews":[153],"suggest,":[154],"however,":[155],"will":[164],"prove":[165],"be":[167,178,236,250,438],"large.":[168],"combined":[170],"effects":[171,406],"can":[177,235,249,437],"expected":[179],"produce":[181],"workforce":[184],"productivity":[185,208],"are":[187,388],"large":[188],"indeed.":[189],"Applied":[190],"psychologists":[191],"conducted":[193],"research":[194,217,468],"on":[195,475],"a":[296,302],"variety":[197],"organizational":[199,343,457,595],"aimed":[201],"at":[202],"increasing":[203],"employee":[204],"(Katzell":[209,459],"&":[210,359,364,527,566,572,576,620],"Guzzo,":[211,461],"1983).":[212,462],"usefulness":[214],"this":[216,561],"business":[219],"government":[221],"has":[222,368,551],"often":[223],"bounded":[225],"by":[226,488,606],"two":[227],"constraints:":[228],"extent":[231,242],"which":[233,244],"findings":[234,248,260,412,499],"made":[237,314],"definitive,":[238,261],"stated":[251],"administratively":[253],"economically":[255,291,501],"meaningful":[256,292,502],"terms.":[257],"To":[258,272],"render":[259],"one":[262,279,537],"must":[263,280],"reconcile":[264],"apparently":[266],"conflicting":[267],"different":[270,383],"studies.":[271],"assess":[273],"practical":[275],"findings,":[278],"arcane":[283],"jargon":[285],"p":[287],"<":[288],".01":[289],"statements":[293],"10%":[297],"output":[300],"reduction":[303],"$100":[305],"million":[306],"labor":[308,508],"costs.":[309],"Recent":[310],"advances":[311],"both":[316],"areas":[317,338],"under":[318],"rubrics":[320],"meta-analysis":[321,398,428],"analysis.":[324],"This":[325],"article":[326],"summarizes,":[327],"broad":[329],"outline,":[330],"application":[332],"these":[334,540],"techniques":[335,350],"interventions.":[344],"Meta-analysis":[345,367],"is":[346,375,447,469,472,485,495],"collection":[348],"quantitatively":[352],"cumulating":[353],"across":[355],"(Glass,":[357],"McGaw,":[358],"Smith,":[360],"1981;":[361],"Hunter,":[362,570,577,619],"Schmidt,":[363,567,569],"Jackson,":[365],"1982).":[366,622],"shown":[369],"areas,":[373],"there":[374],"no":[376],"real":[377],"conflict":[378],"between":[379],"studies;":[384],"apparent":[386],"differences":[387],"due":[389],"sampling":[391,416],"error":[392,418],"artifacts.":[395],"A":[396,425,463],"stateof-the-art":[397],"allows":[399],"reviewer":[401],"correct":[403],"several":[408],"artifacts":[409],"distort":[411],"individual":[414],"studies:":[415],"error,":[417],"measurement,":[420],"restriction":[422],"range.":[424],"review":[426],"correlation":[431],"coefficients":[432],"effect":[435],"sizes":[436],"found":[439],"Hunter":[441],"et":[442],"al.":[443],"(1982).":[444],"assessment":[449,592],"social":[454],"key":[464],"problem":[465],"usually":[473,486],"measured":[474,487],"rather":[477],"than":[478],"scales.":[480],"For":[481],"example,":[482],"supervisor":[489],"ratings.":[490],"Thus":[491],"special":[493],"needed":[496],"terms,":[503],"dollars":[506],"savings.":[509],"formulas":[513,541,558],"assessing":[515],"available":[519],"over":[521],"30":[522],"years":[523],"(Brogden,":[524],"1949;":[525],"Cronbach":[526],"Gleser,":[528],"1965)":[529],"but":[530],"generally":[533],"applied":[535],"because":[536],"parameter":[538,562],"(the":[542],"standard":[543],"deviation":[544],"dollar":[549],"terms)":[550],"difficult":[553],"estimate,":[555],"Base'":[556],"line":[557],"estimating":[560],"now":[563,587],"exist":[564],"(Hunter":[565],"1982;":[568],"McKenzie,":[571],"Muldrow,":[573],"1979;":[574],"Schmidt":[575],"Note":[578],"1).":[579],"Furthermore,":[580],"extended":[589],"trainApril":[599],"1983":[600,605],"\u2022":[601],"American":[602,608],"Psychologist":[603],"Copyright":[604],"Psychological":[609],"Association,":[610],"Inc.":[611],"473":[612],"ing":[613],"incentive":[616],"(Schmidt,":[618],"Pearlman,":[621]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
