{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985198145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000568","title":"Rapid Urbanization and the Growing Threat of Violence and Conflict: A 21st Century Crisis","display_name":"Rapid Urbanization and the Growing Threat of Violence and Conflict: A 21st Century Crisis","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985198145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000568","mag":"1985198145","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22591767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1049023x12000568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2754346785","display_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","issn_l":"0882-7397","issn":["0882-7397","1049-023X","1945-1938","2059-9226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102848242","display_name":"Ronak Bhailal Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4942-8836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4942-8836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronak B. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program on Urbanization and Humanitarian Emergencies, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA. rbpatel@gmail.com","Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program on Urbanization and Humanitarian Emergencies, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA. rbpatel@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026612875","display_name":"Frederick M. Burkle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5110-7284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5110-7284"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick M. Burkle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102848242"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9866,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95917861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"2","first_page":"194","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0997999981045723,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11858","display_name":"Urban Development and Societal Issues","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-urbanization","display_name":"rapid urbanization","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-insecurity","display_name":"urban insecurity","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-violence","display_name":"urban violence","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflict","display_name":"conflict","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-slums","display_name":"urban slums","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arms-trade","display_name":"arms trade","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-gangs","display_name":"youth gangs","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-conflicts","display_name":"resource conflicts","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women","display_name":"women","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrants","display_name":"migrants","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugees","display_name":"refugees","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"urban planning","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policing","display_name":"policing","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-capacity","display_name":"judicial capacity","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflict-prevention","display_name":"conflict prevention","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-preparedness","display_name":"disaster preparedness","score":0.3970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.7492959499359131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.6868427991867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.589739203453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4959038197994232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.4780302941799164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98528937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2672648","display_name":"Social conflict","level":3,"score":0.44655174016952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4288238286972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29985473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188460","display_name":"Natural resource","level":2,"score":0.41081076860427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4001345932483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34823787212371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21123480796813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17412015795707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1582905352115631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0908181369304657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08821490406990051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011158","descriptor_name":"Population Growth","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011158","descriptor_name":"Population Growth","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011158","descriptor_name":"Population Growth","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011204","descriptor_name":"Poverty Areas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011204","descriptor_name":"Poverty Areas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011204","descriptor_name":"Poverty Areas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012111","descriptor_name":"Residence Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012111","descriptor_name":"Residence Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012111","descriptor_name":"Residence Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014507","descriptor_name":"Urbanization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014507","descriptor_name":"Urbanization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014507","descriptor_name":"Urbanization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1049023x12000568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2754346785","display_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","issn_l":"0882-7397","issn":["0882-7397","1049-023X","1945-1938","2059-9226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22591767","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22591767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prehospital and disaster medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.8787999749183655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92353134","https://openalex.org/W183465001","https://openalex.org/W339124605","https://openalex.org/W2159167535","https://openalex.org/W2489338242","https://openalex.org/W4232527599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407507765","https://openalex.org/W4313449116","https://openalex.org/W3152065577","https://openalex.org/W4238111630","https://openalex.org/W2789161491","https://openalex.org/W4386412829","https://openalex.org/W2276223115","https://openalex.org/W2117524310","https://openalex.org/W40476003","https://openalex.org/W1544383586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,40],"the":[1,12,52,62,73,103,114,123,173],"global":[2],"population":[3],"is":[4],"concentrated":[5],"into":[6],"complex":[7],"environments,":[8],"rapid":[9],"urbanization":[10],"increases":[11],"threat":[13],"of":[14,23,28,61,75,78,94,116,125,143,175],"conflict":[15,37,153],"and":[16,51,70,87,96,108,127,135,150,171],"insecurity.":[17,146],"Many":[18],"fast-growing":[19],"cities":[20],"create":[21,57],"conditions":[22],"significant":[24,81],"disparities":[25],"in":[26,160],"standards":[27],"living,":[29],"which":[30],"set":[31],"up":[32],"a":[33,44],"natural":[34],"environment":[35],"for":[36,46,59,163],"over":[38],"resources.":[39,130],"urban":[41,145,148,157],"slums":[42],"become":[43,113],"haven":[45],"criminal":[47],"elements,":[48],"youth":[49],"gangs,":[50],"arms":[53],"trade,":[54],"they":[55,120],"also":[56,98],"insecurity":[58],"much":[60],"population.":[63],"Specific":[64],"populations,":[65],"such":[66],"as":[67,119,122],"women,":[68],"migrants,":[69],"refugees,":[71],"bear":[72],"brunt":[74],"this":[76,141],"lack":[77,93],"security,":[79],"with":[80,166],"impacts":[82],"on":[83],"their":[84],"livelihoods,":[85],"health,":[86],"access":[88],"to":[89,102,129,139],"basic":[90],"services.":[91],"This":[92],"security":[95],"violence":[97],"has":[99],"great":[100],"costs":[101],"general":[104],"population,":[105],"both":[106],"economic":[107],"social.":[109],"Cities":[110],"have":[111],"increasingly":[112],"battlefield":[115],"recent":[117],"conflicts":[118],"serve":[121],"seats":[124],"power":[126],"gateways":[128],"International":[131],"agencies,":[132],"non-governmental":[133],"organizations,":[134],"policy-makers":[136],"must":[137],"act":[138],"stem":[140],"tide":[142],"growing":[144],"Protecting":[147],"populations":[149],"preventing":[151],"future":[152],"will":[154],"require":[155],"better":[156],"planning,":[158],"investment":[159],"livelihood":[161],"programs":[162],"youth,":[164],"cooperation":[165],"local":[167],"communities,":[168],"enhanced":[169],"policing,":[170],"strengthening":[172],"capacity":[174],"judicial":[176],"systems.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}