{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1984016181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970100103x","title":"PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF MAIZE + GROUNDNUT ROTATIONS COMPARED WITH CONTINUOUS MAIZE ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN ZIMBABWE","display_name":"PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF MAIZE + GROUNDNUT ROTATIONS COMPARED WITH CONTINUOUS MAIZE ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN ZIMBABWE","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1984016181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970100103x","mag":"1984016181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s001447970100103x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970100103x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970100103x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167675576","display_name":"Experimental Agriculture","issn_l":"0014-4797","issn":["0014-4797","1469-4441"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037998543","display_name":"S.R. Waddington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4533-9206","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4533-9206"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153667","display_name":"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center","ror":"https://ror.org/055w89263","country_code":"KE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I21740220","https://openalex.org/I4210153667"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. R. WADDINGTON","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIMMYT Maize Programme and Natural Resources Group, PO Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIMMYT Maize Programme and Natural Resources Group, PO Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153667"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044246894","display_name":"J. Karigwindi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153667","display_name":"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center","ror":"https://ror.org/055w89263","country_code":"KE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I21740220","https://openalex.org/I4210153667"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. KARIGWINDI","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIMMYT Maize Programme and Natural Resources Group, PO Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIMMYT Maize Programme and Natural Resources Group, PO Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153667"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153667"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95477387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"1","first_page":"83","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12436","display_name":"Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems","score":0.7240999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12436","display_name":"Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems","score":0.7240999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.2628999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12310","display_name":"Crop Yield and Soil Fertility","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-maize","display_name":"continuous maize","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farming","display_name":"smallholder farming","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-fertilizers","display_name":"mineral fertilizers","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peanut-yield","display_name":"peanut yield","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-costs","display_name":"labor costs","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandy-soil","display_name":"sandy soil","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zimbabwe","display_name":"Zimbabwe","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-farm-trials","display_name":"on-farm trials","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-fertility","display_name":"soil fertility","score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-variability","display_name":"rainfall variability","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-fertilization","display_name":"nitrogen fertilization","score":0.33399999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.7662042379379272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.7561180591583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.5603235960006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992211155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Grain yield","level":2,"score":0.5268189907073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5198257565498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175760724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191258","display_name":"Crop rotation","level":3,"score":0.46262383460998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.450225293636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.43620991706848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31758105754852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s001447970100103x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970100103x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s001447970100103x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167675576","display_name":"Experimental Agriculture","issn_l":"0014-4797","issn":["0014-4797","1469-4441"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W217651579","https://openalex.org/W1497863057","https://openalex.org/W1806421555","https://openalex.org/W1974843730","https://openalex.org/W1982200361","https://openalex.org/W2050817640","https://openalex.org/W2127790064","https://openalex.org/W2169067185","https://openalex.org/W2256011262","https://openalex.org/W2294585567","https://openalex.org/W2308829138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109834407","https://openalex.org/W2129159953","https://openalex.org/W2976817644","https://openalex.org/W7133067237","https://openalex.org/W2905585338","https://openalex.org/W7070485092","https://openalex.org/W2560819264","https://openalex.org/W2011032713","https://openalex.org/W2082542718","https://openalex.org/W3178326166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Experiments":[0],"to":[1,22,93,105,120,150,159,176,340,350,364,383],"assess":[2],"the":[3,82,122,134,138,161,185,198,214,234,256,285,288,291,300,303,320,377],"yield":[4,91,136,200],"and":[5,24,46,60,237,251,293,367,375],"economic":[6],"performance":[7],"of":[8,137,171,188,201,208,228,263,359,371],"a":[9,331],"maize-groundnut":[10],"rotation":[11,162,216,257,292,304,321],"compared":[12],"with":[13,112,241,355],"continuous":[14,75,260,276,294,352],"maize":[15,23,76,140,167,189,203,218,277,295],"(both":[16],"when":[17,25],"inorganic":[18,94,117,155,194,267],"fertilizer":[19,78,95,118,156,268,279,297],"was":[20,41,157,182,269,305,346],"applied":[21,119,158],"not),":[26],"were":[27,62,79,99,253,274,298,317,335],"conducted":[28],"under":[29],"management":[30],"by":[31,65,225,380],"smallholder":[32,49,97,381],"farmers":[33,382],"in":[34,51,69,81,184,387],"Zimbabwe":[35],"over":[36,87,247,314,324],"six":[37,48],"years.":[38,89],"The":[39],"experiment":[40],"planted":[42],"on-station":[43,123,235],"near":[44],"Harare":[45],"at":[47,205,221,330],"sites":[50,224],"northeast":[52],"Zimbabwe,":[53],"predominantly":[54],"on":[55,96],"sandy":[56],"soils.":[57],"Fertilizer":[58],"rates":[59],"practices":[61],"those":[63],"used":[64],"farmers,":[66],"as":[67],"described":[68],"surveys.":[70],"On-farm":[71,302],"grain":[72,108,135,168,181,199,219],"yields":[73,220],"from":[74,146],"without":[77,296],"generally":[80],"range":[83],"0.5\u20130.8":[84],"t":[85,128,148,152,173,178,231],"ha\u22121":[86,129,149,179],"five":[88,209,222],"Maize":[90],"responses":[92],"farms":[98],"highly":[100],"variable,":[101],"but":[102],"moderate":[103],"(up":[104],"29":[106],"kg":[107,110],"per":[109],"N)":[111],"adequate":[113],"rainfall.":[114],"With":[115,193],"no":[116],"maize,":[121,160,242,261,353],"groundnut":[124,191,196,215,236,361,385],"crop":[125,141],"(producing":[126],"0.260\u20130.355":[127],"shelled":[130],"grain)":[131],"almost":[132,299],"doubled":[133],"following":[139,190,202],"(in":[142],"1995\u201396),":[143],"increasing":[144],"output":[145],"2.46":[147],"4.61":[151],"ha\u22121.":[153,232],"Where":[154],"produced":[163],"even":[164],"more":[165,348],"additional":[166],"(an":[169],"increase":[170],"2.93":[172],"ha\u22121).":[174],"Up":[175],"0.50":[177],"extra":[180],"obtained":[183],"second":[186],"year":[187],"(1996\u201397).":[192],"fertilizer,":[195,213],"improved":[197],"crops":[204],"only":[206,229,310],"two":[207,238,311],"on-farm":[210,223],"sites.":[211],"Without":[212],"increased":[217],"an":[226],"average":[227],"0.28":[230],"For":[233],"subsequent":[239],"years":[240],"discounted":[243],"net":[244],"benefits":[245],"(DNBs)":[246],"cash":[248,315],"costs":[249,273,316,326],"(seed":[250],"fertilizer)":[252],"greater":[254],"for":[255,259,290,319],"than":[258,283],"irrespective":[262],"whether":[264],"or":[265,338],"not":[266],"applied.":[270],"When":[271],"labour":[272,328,369],"added,":[275],"plus":[278],"showed":[280],"better":[281],"returns":[282,289],"did":[284],"rotation,":[286],"while":[287],"same.":[301],"far":[306,347],"less":[307],"profitable.":[308],"At":[309,342],"sites,":[312,344],"DNBs":[313,323],"higher":[318],"whereas":[322],"all":[325],"(including":[327],"valued":[329],"local":[332],"casual-worker":[333],"wage)":[334],"always":[336],"negative":[337],"close":[339],"zero.":[341],"three":[343],"it":[345],"profitable":[349],"grow":[351],"especially":[354],"fertilizer.":[356],"These":[357],"findings":[358],"low":[360],"yield,":[362],"marginal":[363],"zero":[365],"profitability,":[366],"high":[368],"cost":[370],"groundnut-maize":[372],"rotations,":[373],"support":[374],"explain":[376],"general":[378],"trend":[379],"reduce":[384],"area":[386],"Zimbabwe.":[388]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
