{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983469474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","title":"Assessing Agreement between Multiple Raters with Missing Rating Information, Applied to Breast Cancer Tumour Grading","display_name":"Assessing Agreement between Multiple Raters with Missing Rating Information, Applied to Breast Cancer Tumour Grading","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983469474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","mag":"1983469474","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18698346","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2488396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002925&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002925&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055232373","display_name":"Thomas  R. Fanshawe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9928-8934","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9928-8934"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas R. Fanshawe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom. t.fanshawe@lancaster.ac.uk","Department of Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom. t.fanshawe@lancaster.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013513032","display_name":"Andy G. Lynch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7876-7338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7876-7338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew G. Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075105813","display_name":"Ian Ogilvie Ellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-8474","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-8474"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian O. Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317491","display_name":"Andrew R. Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0488-5913","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0488-5913"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew R. Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Pathology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pathology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089621839","display_name":"Rudolf Hanka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudolf Hanka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055232373"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":1.1319,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80824842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"8","first_page":"e2925","last_page":"e2925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interobserver-agreement","display_name":"interobserver agreement","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"missing data","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-raters","display_name":"multiple raters","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rater-variability","display_name":"rater variability","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-boundaries","display_name":"grade boundaries","score":0.7559999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6706116199493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.6568539142608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.479314923286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4594354033470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.44506099820137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3278340995311737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3202133774757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3148537874221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24720269441604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2321353554725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002467","descriptor_name":"Cell Nucleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008940","descriptor_name":"Mitotic Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009367","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Staging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010336","descriptor_name":"Pathology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002925&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2488396","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2488396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:18698346","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18698346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:40015","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/40015/1/journal.pone.0002925%5B1%5D.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/40015/1/journal.pone.0002925%5B1%5D.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.274.9167","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.274.9167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/28/b4/PLoS_ONE_2008_Aug_13_3(8)_e2925.tar.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pone00:0002925","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7aa6102f64f3482eae75cb912c9fa607","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7aa6102f64f3482eae75cb912c9fa607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 3, Iss 8, p e2925 (2008)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/149758","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/Assessing_Agreement_between_Multiple_Raters_with_Missing_Rating_Information_Applied_to_Breast_Cancer_Tumour_Grading/149758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dataset"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002925","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002925&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2864965629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C14303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","funder_display_name":"Cancer Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G728263667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C14303/A8646","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","funder_display_name":"Cancer Research UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","display_name":"Cancer Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/054225q67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320273","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326611","display_name":"Hutchison Whampoa Limited","ror":"https://ror.org/05hyy0r02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1983469474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1983469474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509445416","https://openalex.org/W1517555081","https://openalex.org/W1539462193","https://openalex.org/W1560714933","https://openalex.org/W1966895524","https://openalex.org/W1974797206","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1979236105","https://openalex.org/W1983897914","https://openalex.org/W1989621150","https://openalex.org/W1996073711","https://openalex.org/W1998576236","https://openalex.org/W2000376841","https://openalex.org/W2001575298","https://openalex.org/W2002374079","https://openalex.org/W2002664886","https://openalex.org/W2010871781","https://openalex.org/W2011803259","https://openalex.org/W2015725271","https://openalex.org/W2018205196","https://openalex.org/W2027944307","https://openalex.org/W2029337822","https://openalex.org/W2032339512","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2050818040","https://openalex.org/W2051511191","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2054270840","https://openalex.org/W2076061140","https://openalex.org/W2081750390","https://openalex.org/W2146527187","https://openalex.org/W2147590631","https://openalex.org/W2148621962","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2315216703","https://openalex.org/W2333141530","https://openalex.org/W2494206234","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2970320901","https://openalex.org/W3148300490","https://openalex.org/W4232875550","https://openalex.org/W4236554388","https://openalex.org/W4294214797","https://openalex.org/W4300520406","https://openalex.org/W4302552223","https://openalex.org/W4388317518","https://openalex.org/W6669607496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2401855042","https://openalex.org/W174803842","https://openalex.org/W2026613520","https://openalex.org/W1986826544","https://openalex.org/W2626117860","https://openalex.org/W2893475186","https://openalex.org/W1992657449","https://openalex.org/W133991286","https://openalex.org/W3033242364","https://openalex.org/W2119933806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"We":[1,35,60,152],"consider":[2],"the":[3,86,92,134,139,155,163,168,193,201,214,217,248,254,278,281,287],"problem":[4],"of":[5,18,43,89,127,133,138,142,165,181,192,203,216,234,250,256,280,284,286],"assessing":[6],"inter-rater":[7,66,251],"agreement":[8,26,67,82,166,218,252],"when":[9,253],"there":[10,174,261,269],"are":[11,175,262],"missing":[12,102,263],"data":[13],"and":[14,71,136,141,150,196,260,275],"a":[15,37,47,79,110,118,230,291],"large":[16,38,259,267],"number":[17,255],"raters.":[19],"Previous":[20],"studies":[21],"have":[22],"shown":[23],"only":[24],"'moderate'":[25],"between":[27,147,177,273],"pathologists":[28,54,274],"in":[29,179,200,277,295],"grading":[30],"breast":[31,288],"cancer":[32,289],"tumour":[33,114,140],"specimens.":[34],"analyse":[36],"but":[39],"incomplete":[40],"data-set":[41],"consisting":[42],"24,177":[44],"grades,":[45],"on":[46,85,109],"discrete":[48],"1-3":[49],"scale,":[50],"provided":[51],"by":[52,187,227],"732":[53],"for":[55,64,68,94,101,160,224],"52":[56],"samples.":[57,209,235],"METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL":[58],"FINDINGS:":[59],"review":[61],"existing":[62],"methods":[63,171],"analysing":[65],"multiple":[69],"raters":[70,178,225,257],"demonstrate":[72],"two":[73],"further":[74],"methods.":[75],"Firstly,":[76],"we":[77,116],"examine":[78],"simple":[80],"non-chance-corrected":[81],"score":[83,219],"based":[84],"observed":[87],"proportion":[88],"agreements":[90],"with":[91,167],"consensus":[93],"each":[95,161],"sample,":[96],"which":[97],"makes":[98],"no":[99],"allowance":[100],"data.":[103,264],"Secondly,":[104],"treating":[105],"grades":[106,148,204],"as":[107,131],"lying":[108],"continuous":[111],"scale":[112],"representing":[113,145],"severity,":[115],"use":[117],"Bayesian":[119,211],"latent":[120],"trait":[121,238],"method":[122],"to":[123,158,206,220,243],"model":[124,157,212],"cumulative":[125],"probabilities":[126],"assigning":[128],"grade":[129,194,283],"values":[130],"functions":[132],"severity":[135],"clarity":[137],"rater-specific":[143],"parameters":[144],"boundaries":[146],"1-2":[149],"2-3.":[151],"simulate":[153],"from":[154],"fitted":[156],"estimate,":[159],"rater,":[162],"probability":[164],"majority.":[169],"Both":[170],"suggest":[172],"that":[173],"differences":[176],"terms":[180],"rating":[182],"behaviour,":[183],"most":[184],"often":[185,293],"caused":[186],"consistent":[188],"over-":[189],"or":[190],"under-estimation":[191],"boundaries,":[195],"also":[197],"considerable":[198],"variability":[199,272],"distribution":[202],"assigned":[205],"many":[207,285],"individual":[208],"The":[210],"addresses":[213],"tendency":[215],"be":[221,241],"biased":[222],"upwards":[223],"who,":[226],"chance,":[228],"see":[229],"relatively":[231],"'easy'":[232],"set":[233],"CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:":[236],"Latent":[237],"models":[239],"can":[240],"adapted":[242],"provide":[244],"novel":[245],"information":[246],"about":[247],"nature":[249],"is":[258,270],"In":[265],"this":[266],"study":[268],"substantial":[271],"uncertainty":[276],"identity":[279],"'true'":[282],"tumours,":[290],"fact":[292],"ignored":[294],"clinical":[296],"studies.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
