{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983447906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","title":"THE BASIS OF SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOR: CHANCE CONTINGENCY, STIMULUS SUBSTITUTION, OR APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR?","display_name":"THE BASIS OF SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOR: CHANCE CONTINGENCY, STIMULUS SUBSTITUTION, OR APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR?","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983447906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","mag":"1983447906","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4086972","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1348192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1348192","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113594261","display_name":"William D. Timberlake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Timberlake","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2021Indiana University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021Indiana University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110860478","display_name":"Gary A. Lucas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary A. Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2021Indiana University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021Indiana University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113594261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":46.4636,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":217,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99965308,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"3","first_page":"279","last_page":"299"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.8105000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.8105000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superstitious-behavior","display_name":"superstitious behavior","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pigeons","display_name":"pigeons","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-typical-behavior","display_name":"species-typical behavior","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appetitive-behavior","display_name":"appetitive behavior","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus-substitution","display_name":"stimulus substitution","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pecking","display_name":"pecking","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foraging-behavior","display_name":"foraging behavior","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59485491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438403","display_name":"Pecking order","level":2,"score":0.8378133773803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6235132217407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6189976930618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.5385950207710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.5242505073547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017650416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3281331","display_name":"Feeding behavior","level":2,"score":0.5141770839691162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57022672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617378","display_name":"Stimulus control","level":3,"score":0.4272674322128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.4173155426979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4077981114387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.38409873843193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.38099777698516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2912816107273102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.15796330571174622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1292383074760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.10341101884841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552","display_name":"Nicotine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001070","descriptor_name":"Appetitive Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005247","descriptor_name":"Feeding Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010856","descriptor_name":"Columbidae","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012055","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement Schedule","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013239","descriptor_name":"Stereotyped Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1985.44-279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1348192","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1348192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Anal Behav","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:4086972","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4086972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1348192","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1348192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Anal Behav","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G530182466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S07RR7031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8027654942","display_name":"BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT","funder_award_id":"2s07rr007031-27","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G972066422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH 39345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64279091","https://openalex.org/W279210805","https://openalex.org/W566794018","https://openalex.org/W573118418","https://openalex.org/W638876301","https://openalex.org/W1220592072","https://openalex.org/W1413086862","https://openalex.org/W1494695790","https://openalex.org/W1603790047","https://openalex.org/W1680265720","https://openalex.org/W1963649265","https://openalex.org/W1972050042","https://openalex.org/W1972545127","https://openalex.org/W1983162116","https://openalex.org/W1998239112","https://openalex.org/W2002457005","https://openalex.org/W2008087453","https://openalex.org/W2018547489","https://openalex.org/W2020343408","https://openalex.org/W2025262074","https://openalex.org/W2026724928","https://openalex.org/W2031657614","https://openalex.org/W2038460915","https://openalex.org/W2044391780","https://openalex.org/W2044590104","https://openalex.org/W2047332276","https://openalex.org/W2063318911","https://openalex.org/W2069204816","https://openalex.org/W2072597673","https://openalex.org/W2124720308","https://openalex.org/W2145030225","https://openalex.org/W2152146755","https://openalex.org/W2162733293","https://openalex.org/W2170274374","https://openalex.org/W2332782859","https://openalex.org/W2332831498","https://openalex.org/W2576004467","https://openalex.org/W2800606011","https://openalex.org/W4252605763","https://openalex.org/W4387961526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986845733","https://openalex.org/W1990951947","https://openalex.org/W1973325680","https://openalex.org/W1985391734","https://openalex.org/W2067109128","https://openalex.org/W4376630212","https://openalex.org/W2085162438","https://openalex.org/W2008087453","https://openalex.org/W1998239112","https://openalex.org/W2166833904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"research":[1],"examined":[2],"three":[3],"explanations":[4],"for":[5,169],"the":[6,40,51,64,68,73,96,103,145,148,151,206,211],"\"superstitious\"":[7],"behavior":[8,28,86,99,159,175,190],"of":[9,15,34,47,72,84,98,135,153,179,185,188,201],"pigeons":[10],"under":[11,176],"frequent":[12,202],"fixed-time":[13],"delivery":[14,178],"food:":[16],"accidental":[17,92],"response-reward":[18],"contingency,":[19],"stimulus":[20,117],"substitution,":[21],"and":[22,43,76,95,115,138,205],"elicited":[23,197],"species-typical":[24,186],"appetitive":[25,189],"behavior.":[26],"The":[27,82],"observed":[29],"in":[30,133,147,162,210],"these":[31,85],"studies":[32,108],"consisted":[33],"occasional":[35],"postfood":[36],"locomotion":[37],"away":[38],"from":[39,183],"food":[41,180,203],"hopper,":[42],"a":[44,154,163,199],"predominant":[45],"pattern":[46],"activity":[48],"directed":[49],"toward":[50],"hopper":[52,146],"wall":[53],"(wall-directed":[54],"behavior),":[55],"including":[56],"approaching,":[57],"stepping":[58],"side":[59],"to":[60,192],"side,":[61],"scratching":[62],"with":[63,67,102,160],"feet,":[65],"bumping":[66],"breast,":[69],"pendulum":[70],"movements":[71],"extended":[74,141],"neck,":[75],"head":[77],"bobbing,":[78],"though":[79],"not":[80],"pecking.":[81],"consistency":[83],"patterns":[87,187,195],"argued":[88],"against":[89],"explanation":[90],"by":[91,139,198],"response":[93,113],"contingencies,":[94],"complexity":[97],"was":[100],"incompatible":[101],"classic":[104],"stimulus-substitution":[105],"account.":[106],"These":[107,194],"also":[109],"showed":[110],"that:":[111],"(1)":[112],"contingencies":[114],"prior":[116],"experience":[118],"can":[119,130],"modify":[120],"wall-directed":[121,158],"behavior,":[122],"but":[123],"within":[124],"definable":[125],"limits;":[126],"(2)":[127],"pecking":[128],"sometimes":[129],"be":[131],"obtained":[132],"birds":[134],"specific":[136],"strains,":[137],"providing":[140],"training;":[142],"(3)":[143],"placing":[144],"floor":[149],"at":[150],"center":[152],"large":[155],"chamber":[156],"replaces":[157],"circling":[161],"manner":[164],"that":[165,173],"resembles":[166],"ground":[167],"foraging":[168],"food.":[170],"We":[171],"conclude":[172],"superstitious":[174],"periodic":[177],"probably":[181],"develops":[182],"components":[184],"related":[191],"feeding.":[193],"are":[196],"combination":[200],"presentations":[204],"supporting":[207],"stimuli":[208],"present":[209],"environment.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}