{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983333877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","title":"Tuberculosis and oral Candida species surveillance in HIV infected individuals in Northern Kenya, and the implications of tuberculin skin test screening for DOPT-P","display_name":"Tuberculosis and oral Candida species surveillance in HIV infected individuals in Northern Kenya, and the implications of tuberculin skin test screening for DOPT-P","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983333877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","mag":"1983333877","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16619704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077808195","display_name":"Washingtone Ochieng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9035-4405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9035-4405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W Ochieng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Virus Research, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Virus Research, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110688854","display_name":"Peter Wanzala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Wanzala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Institute, Centre for Public Health Research, Centre for Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Institute, Centre for Public Health Research, Centre for Public Health","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019664172","display_name":"Christine C. Bii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5635-3871","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5635-3871"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Bii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Institute, Centre for Microbiology Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Institute, Centre for Microbiology Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026543531","display_name":"I. OISHI","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I Oishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Japanese International Cooperation Agency"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Japanese International Cooperation Agency","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101425835","display_name":"Hiroshi Ichimura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4478-1964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4478-1964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10091056","display_name":"Kanazawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hwp6a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10091056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Ichimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10091056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041025587","display_name":"Raphael Wekesa Lihana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-4920","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-4920"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Lihana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111840164","display_name":"Solomon Mpoke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Mpoke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064022392","display_name":"David Lemmy Mwaniki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7093-5600","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7093-5600"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Mwaniki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Public Health Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Public Health Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109093083","display_name":"FA Okoth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"FA Okoth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Virus Research, PO Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Virus Research, PO Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15550415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"12","first_page":"609","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13761","display_name":"HIV/AIDS oral health manifestations","score":0.4065000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13761","display_name":"HIV/AIDS oral health manifestations","score":0.4065000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.3167000114917755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10150","display_name":"Antifungal resistance and susceptibility","score":0.11559999734163284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"tuberculosis","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-candida","display_name":"oral candida","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunistic-infections","display_name":"opportunistic infections","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculin-skin-test","display_name":"tuberculin skin test","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-screening","display_name":"tuberculosis screening","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candida-albicans","display_name":"Candida albicans","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candida-tropicalis","display_name":"Candida tropicalis","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candida-glabrata","display_name":"Candida glabrata","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coinfection","display_name":"co-infection","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-kenya","display_name":"northern Kenya","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandera","display_name":"Mandera","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkana","display_name":"Turkana","score":0.7919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775835631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143138","display_name":"Candida tropicalis","level":3,"score":0.6981310844421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.646833062171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780917455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310443","display_name":"Candida albicans","level":2,"score":0.6220741868019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.583397388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259346","display_name":"Sputum","level":3,"score":0.5468052625656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5374112725257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4791233539581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.46716177463531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504460877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155925","display_name":"Saliva","level":2,"score":0.4622404873371124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145081991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2576388","display_name":"Corpus albicans","level":3,"score":0.45376506447792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29505","display_name":"Tuberculin","level":3,"score":0.44725140929222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3313172459602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2867222726345062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.11427801847457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002180","descriptor_name":"Candidiasis, Oral","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009894","descriptor_name":"Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009894","descriptor_name":"Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009894","descriptor_name":"Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011159","descriptor_name":"Population Surveillance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014374","descriptor_name":"Tuberculin Test","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16619704","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16619704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African medical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3001808651","https://openalex.org/W2411910359","https://openalex.org/W3093686056","https://openalex.org/W2022446257","https://openalex.org/W7162184255","https://openalex.org/W7070191339","https://openalex.org/W2035529084","https://openalex.org/W2188620145","https://openalex.org/W2124340279","https://openalex.org/W2126401267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"the":[3,141,172,191],"pattern":[4],"of":[5,71,103,179,185,193],"opportunistic":[6,181],"infections":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9,100],"TB":[10,84,107],"and":[11,33,48,87,106,119,123,128,150,163,176],"Candida":[12,94,97,104],"species":[13,105],"in":[14,18,28,43,143],"HIV":[15,62,73,156],"infected":[16],"patients":[17,57,75],"Northern":[19],"Kenya.":[20,186],"DESIGN:":[21],"Cross-sectional":[22],"study.":[23],"SETTING:":[24],"Five":[25,46],"health":[26],"facilities":[27],"Moyale":[29],"(n=224),":[30],"Mandera":[31],"(n=121)":[32],"Turkana":[34],"Kakuma;":[35],"(n=83),":[36],"Lopiding;":[37],"(n=94)":[38],"districts":[39],"during":[40,155],"different":[41,183],"periods":[42],"2003.":[44],"SUBJECTS:":[45],"hundred":[47],"fifty":[49],"two":[50],"patients.":[51],"RESULTS:":[52],"In":[53],"total":[54],"94":[55,72],"(18%)":[56],"were":[58,83,90,99],"found":[59],"to":[60,146,170],"be":[61],"positive":[63,74,86],"(Moyale=42,":[64],"Mandera=13,":[65],"Turkana;":[66],"Kakuma=8,":[67],"Lopiding=31).":[68],"Only":[69],"65":[70],"provided":[76],"saliva":[77,164],"samples.":[78],"Of":[79],"these,":[80],"11":[81],"(17%)":[82],"smear":[85],"19":[88],"(29.2%)":[89],"colonized":[91],"by":[92,204],"oral":[93],"species.":[95],"The":[96,134],"isolates":[98],"follows;":[101],"Co-infection":[102],"(n=4),":[108],"C.":[109,113,117,120,124,126,129],"albicans":[110,118],"only":[111,115],"(n=12),":[112],"tropicalis":[114],"(n=1),":[116],"glabarata":[121,127],"(n=1)":[122],"albicans,":[125],"tropicalis.":[130],"co-infection":[131],"(n=1).":[132],"CONCLUSION:":[133],"findings":[135],"provides":[136],"an":[137],"important":[138],"insight":[139],"into":[140],"differences":[142],"mucosal":[144],"susceptibility":[145],"bacteria":[147],"(TB)":[148],"infection":[149],"fungal":[151],"(Candida":[152],"species)":[153],"colonization":[154],"immunosuppression,":[157],"based":[158],"on":[159],"collected":[160],"blood,":[161],"sputum":[162],"specimens.":[165],"Further":[166],"studies":[167,188],"are":[168],"needed":[169],"elucidate":[171],"comparative":[173],"transmission":[174],"dynamics":[175],"pathogenetic":[177],"mechanisms":[178],"these":[180],"infections-in":[182],"regions":[184],"Such":[187],"would":[189],"improve":[190],"efficiency":[192],"directly":[194],"observed":[195],"preventive":[196],"therapy":[197],"programme":[198],"(DOPT-P)":[199],"whose":[200],"implementation":[201],"involves":[202],"screening":[203],"tuberculin":[205],"skin":[206],"testing.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
