{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983226018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.3.171","title":"Employee Initiative and Managerial Control","display_name":"Employee Initiative and Managerial Control","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983226018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.3.171","mag":"1983226018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/mic.4.3.171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.3.171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.3.171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96919139","display_name":"American Economic Journal Microeconomics","issn_l":"1945-7669","issn":["1945-7669","1945-7685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Journal: Microeconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1630629","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021231822","display_name":"Heikki Rantakari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0044-909X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0044-909X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heikki Rantakari","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Marshall School of Business, 3670 Trousdale Parkway, Bridge Hall 308, Los Angeles, CA 90089"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Marshall School of Business, 3670 Trousdale Parkway, Bridge Hall 308, Los Angeles, CA 90089","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021231822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97390762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"171","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.45680001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.45680001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10797","display_name":"Accounting and Organizational Management","score":0.11509999632835388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.05829999968409538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-initiative","display_name":"employee initiative","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-control","display_name":"management control","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-involvement","display_name":"managerial involvement","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-authority","display_name":"formal authority","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delegation","display_name":"delegation","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idea-generation","display_name":"idea generation","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-monitoring","display_name":"indirect monitoring","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-design","display_name":"organizational design","score":0.574999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.8772792816162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6359626054763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5799267292022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31845852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899279","display_name":"Management control system","level":3,"score":0.4583444595336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3687517046928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.32243555784225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24364227056503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.21497231721878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11972123384475708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/mic.4.3.171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.3.171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.3.171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96919139","display_name":"American Economic Journal Microeconomics","issn_l":"1945-7669","issn":["1945-7669","1945-7685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Journal: Microeconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1630629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1630629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1630629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aejmic:v:4:y:2012:i:3:p:171-211","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/mic.4.3.171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1630629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1630629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1630629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87757974","https://openalex.org/W566586761","https://openalex.org/W1513281941","https://openalex.org/W1628202316","https://openalex.org/W1854726326","https://openalex.org/W1976274578","https://openalex.org/W1982769885","https://openalex.org/W1982772955","https://openalex.org/W1988696045","https://openalex.org/W1989172135","https://openalex.org/W1991699420","https://openalex.org/W2016549368","https://openalex.org/W2017552218","https://openalex.org/W2021791306","https://openalex.org/W2050904362","https://openalex.org/W2052312063","https://openalex.org/W2056756788","https://openalex.org/W2056942504","https://openalex.org/W2070915530","https://openalex.org/W2079912971","https://openalex.org/W2088703435","https://openalex.org/W2092793969","https://openalex.org/W2094625864","https://openalex.org/W2098628243","https://openalex.org/W2102169789","https://openalex.org/W2106079711","https://openalex.org/W2116178182","https://openalex.org/W2116963815","https://openalex.org/W2129922871","https://openalex.org/W2130811792","https://openalex.org/W2158846242","https://openalex.org/W2164851385","https://openalex.org/W2165717995","https://openalex.org/W2168421867","https://openalex.org/W2168616981","https://openalex.org/W2207260819","https://openalex.org/W2289435324","https://openalex.org/W2298519506","https://openalex.org/W2401615420","https://openalex.org/W2994061995","https://openalex.org/W3020920339","https://openalex.org/W3021754561","https://openalex.org/W3022337238","https://openalex.org/W3121127840","https://openalex.org/W3121207767","https://openalex.org/W3121311022","https://openalex.org/W3121529303","https://openalex.org/W3121617872","https://openalex.org/W3122859634","https://openalex.org/W3124949774","https://openalex.org/W4241431232","https://openalex.org/W4242361829","https://openalex.org/W4246015536","https://openalex.org/W4247620663","https://openalex.org/W4249291651","https://openalex.org/W4249665525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7131875656","https://openalex.org/W6890113117","https://openalex.org/W1526340786","https://openalex.org/W2073907861","https://openalex.org/W1976185037","https://openalex.org/W841265875","https://openalex.org/W7217172139","https://openalex.org/W1582766141","https://openalex.org/W2531458259","https://openalex.org/W2374089767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,31],"analyze":[1],"the":[2,8,39,52,59,91,96],"impact":[3],"of":[4,10,41,49,62,93],"managerial":[5,81],"involvement":[6,50,82],"and":[7,22,44,66,90],"allocation":[9],"authority":[11,43],"on":[12],"employee":[13,24,34],"initiative":[14,35],"in":[15,87],"a":[16,20,54,67],"setting":[17],"where":[18],"both":[19,63],"manager":[21],"an":[23,75],"can":[25],"originate":[26],"new":[27],"ideas":[28],"for":[29,95],"implementation.":[30],"show":[32],"that":[33,83],"is":[36],"maximized":[37],"through":[38,74],"combination":[40],"formal":[42,64],"limited":[45],"but":[46],"positive":[47],"levels":[48],"by":[51,80],"manager,":[53],"result":[55,72],"which":[56,94],"thus":[57],"qualifies":[58],"motivational":[60],"advantages":[61],"delegation":[65],"hands-off":[68],"management":[69],"strategy.":[70],"This":[71],"arises":[73],"indirect":[76],"monitoring":[77],"role":[78],"played":[79],"has":[84],"been":[85],"absent":[86],"previous":[88],"frameworks,":[89],"implications":[92],"optimal":[97],"organizational":[98],"arrangement":[99],"are":[100],"further":[101],"analyzed.":[102],"(JEL":[103],"D23,":[104],"M12,":[105],"M54)":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
