{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982938520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","title":"Chemoprevention in Ulcerative Colitis: Narrowing the Gap between Clinical Practice and Research","display_name":"Chemoprevention in Ulcerative Colitis: Narrowing the Gap between Clinical Practice and Research","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982938520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","mag":"1982938520","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11177320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015008352","display_name":"Ernest T. Hawk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-7338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-7338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernest T. Hawk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drs. Hawk and Viner: National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD 20892-7322"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drs. Hawk and Viner: National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD 20892-7322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080636708","display_name":"Jaye L. Viner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaye L. Viner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drs. Hawk and Viner: National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD 20892-7322"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drs. Hawk and Viner: National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD 20892-7322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140884"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"134","issue":"2","first_page":"158","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10134","display_name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10134","display_name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10552","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection","score":0.17599999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10678","display_name":"Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects","score":0.025499999523162842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemoprevention","display_name":"chemoprevention","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ulcerative-colitis","display_name":"ulcerative colitis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colorectal-cancer","display_name":"colorectal cancer","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ursodeoxycholic-acid","display_name":"ursodeoxycholic acid","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bile-acids","display_name":"bile acids","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deoxycholic-acid","display_name":"deoxycholic acid","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colorectal-dysplasia","display_name":"colorectal dysplasia","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis","display_name":"primary sclerosing cholangitis","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colorectal-cancer-screening","display_name":"colorectal cancer screening","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polypectomy","display_name":"polypectomy","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-surveillance","display_name":"cancer surveillance","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prophylactic-colectomy","display_name":"prophylactic colectomy","score":0.6489999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9231033325195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780479503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477","display_name":"Ulcerative colitis","level":3,"score":0.7842025756835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526805850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188874","display_name":"Colorectal cancer","level":3,"score":0.7207409739494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.6656888723373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.575814425945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775894508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128996","display_name":"Dysplasia","level":2,"score":0.5529966354370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058608","display_name":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis","level":3,"score":0.5417649149894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780581329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7226727","display_name":"Polypectomy","level":5,"score":0.5160855650901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.492093026638031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4377685785293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780234812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1787013","display_name":"Cancer prevention","level":3,"score":0.4152635335922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778435480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840387","display_name":"Colonoscopy","level":4,"score":0.39701157808303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.3323880732059479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.21822664141654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002756","descriptor_name":"Cholagogues and Choleretics","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003093","descriptor_name":"Colitis, Ulcerative","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003093","descriptor_name":"Colitis, Ulcerative","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003106","descriptor_name":"Colon","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003106","descriptor_name":"Colon","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003110","descriptor_name":"Colonic Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011230","descriptor_name":"Precancerous Conditions","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014580","descriptor_name":"Ursodeoxycholic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015209","descriptor_name":"Cholangitis, Sclerosing","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015209","descriptor_name":"Cholangitis, Sclerosing","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11177320","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11177320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of internal medicine","raw_type":"Comment"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70353535","https://openalex.org/W1894326311","https://openalex.org/W1968821239","https://openalex.org/W1970105823","https://openalex.org/W1975356987","https://openalex.org/W1980089776","https://openalex.org/W1989289626","https://openalex.org/W2004334734","https://openalex.org/W2011095512","https://openalex.org/W2016020580","https://openalex.org/W2040571623","https://openalex.org/W2073410362","https://openalex.org/W2075554692","https://openalex.org/W2187020957","https://openalex.org/W2271159090","https://openalex.org/W2335484642","https://openalex.org/W4322701389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991562469","https://openalex.org/W2803416433","https://openalex.org/W2095451505","https://openalex.org/W111269555","https://openalex.org/W2412242859","https://openalex.org/W355750145","https://openalex.org/W3032863778","https://openalex.org/W4293103979","https://openalex.org/W2071808833","https://openalex.org/W3103639039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Editorials16":[0],"January":[1,2001,2016,2021],"2001Chemoprevention":[2],"in":[3,85,110,179,251,262,283,319,383,408,551,665,690,709,730,744,897,924,949,976,993,1015,1028,1058,1070,1077,1106,1122,1141,1164,1275,1356,1451,1480,1541,1575,1606,1634,1663,1694,1708,1777,1894,1940,1967,1986],"Ulcerative":[4,1897],"Colitis:":[5],"Narrowing":[6],"the":[7,77,86,90,95,127,145,154,292,307,333,409,447,498,509,519,530,599,630,660,700,772,818,838,860,864,874,882,963,978,1010,1078,1118,1136,1146,1177,1183,1205,1213,1247,1253,1266,1285,1391,1535,1569,1961,1973],"Gap":[8],"between":[9,1216,1287],"Clinical":[10],"Practice":[11,1412],"and":[12,18,29,43,50,65,103,136,175,209,214,231,266,336,339,343,352,376,393,400,424,467,476,487,508,549,571,603,613,635,688,711,719,783,857,901,911,947,953,959,972,999,1113,1219,1225,1229,1246,1290,1302,1369,1394,1411,1456,1487,1539,1600,1704,1800,1815,1830,1857,1860,1899,1927,1977,1992],"ResearchFREEErnest":[13],"T.":[14,24,1804,1825],"Hawk,":[15,25,1805,1826],"MD,":[16,22,26,47,1806,1811,1827],"MPH":[17],"Jaye":[19,44,1808],"L.":[20,45,1809],"Viner,":[21,46,1810],"MAErnest":[23],"MPHDrs.":[27],"Hawk":[28,49,1383,1814,1856],"Viner:":[30,51,1816,1858],"National":[31,52,1817,1835,1865],"Cancer":[32,53,1360,1375,1389,1611,1818,1832,1836,1840,1862,1866,1870,1999],"Institute;":[33,54,1819],"Bethesda,":[34,55,1820,1848,1878],"MD":[35,56,1821,1849,1879],"20892-7322Search":[36,57],"for":[37,58,147,156,172,243,537,671,686,774,778,866,951,982,995,1012,1074,1168,1510,1571,1630,1660,1734,1750],"more":[38,59,797,1095,1174],"papers":[39,60],"by":[40,61,120,513,601,654,1223],"this":[41,62,248,349,523,710,1023,1093],"author":[42],"MADrs.":[48],"authorAuthor,":[63],"Article,":[64,1799],"Disclosure":[66,1801],"Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00017":[67],"SectionsAboutVisual":[68],"AbstractPDF":[69],"ToolsAdd":[70],"to":[71,107,181,217,305,361,416,430,445,482,493,580,584,607,753,756,770,790,802,810,855,905,1041,1091,1134,1197,1295,1794],"favoritesDownload":[72],"CitationsTrack":[73],"CitationsPermissions":[74],"ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail":[75],"Although":[76,291],"incidence":[78,347,861,1137,1536],"of":[79,101,124,130,158,183,211,275,288,309,329,364,370,419,426,449,455,458,461,469,501,522,547,565,588,632,639,674,680,702,728,747,762,781,800,820,833,837,846,862,884,899,934,943,965,980,1007,1019,1036,1101,1120,1138,1148,1180,1207,1241,1249,1256,1268,1279,1320,1327,1345,1354,1390,1396,1413,1448,1484,1507,1531,1537,1564,1603,1700,1736,1839,1869,1891,1934,1945,1953,1960,1972,1979,1983,1997],"colorectal":[80,131,159,173,244,289,365,823,996,1013,1056,1075,1139,1170,1370,1397,1661,1692,1701,1980,1984],"cancer":[81,102,109,149,160,177,477,550,572,689,824,954,1014,1479,1540,1572,1631,1662,1693,1702,1957],"has":[82,117,278,302,739,751],"been":[83,118,163,238,303,740,845,878,919,1104],"decreasing":[84],"United":[87],"States":[88],"over":[89],"past":[91],"decade,":[92],"it":[93,750,767,1193,1231],"remains":[94,1081],"fourth":[96],"most":[97],"frequently":[98],"diagnosed":[99],"type":[100],"is":[104,734,768,1227,1232,1263,1443],"second":[105],"only":[106,777],"lung":[108],"causing":[111],"cancer-related":[112],"death.":[113,152],"This":[114,591,1261],"dismal":[115],"situation":[116],"offset":[119],"a":[121,271,384,533,542,563,779,932,966,990,1016,1047,1201,1208,1233,1257,1514,1668,1697,1740],"recent":[122],"convergence":[123],"insights":[125],"into":[126],"molecular":[128],"pathogenesis":[129],"cancer,":[132],"validated":[133],"screening":[134],"technologies,":[135],"proof":[137],"that":[138,223,668,1004,1045,1145,1284],"early":[139],"detection":[140],"coupled":[141],"with":[142,165,194,240,254,373,397,437,569,610,620,644,692,705,742,796,926,938,989,1049,1060,1108,1124,1243,1445,1453,1608,1638,1665,1688,1706,1888,1896,1950,1988],"polypectomy":[143],"reduces":[144],"risk":[146,171,242,684,950,994,1011,1073,1167,1570,1629,1703,1982],"incident":[148],"and,":[150],"indirectly,":[151],"Indeed,":[153],"prospects":[155],"prevention":[157,1291,1395,1780,1978],"have":[161,191,206,236,663,844,877,918,930,1039,1103,1116],"never":[162],"better.Persons":[164],"ulcerative":[166,192,374,589,611,633,693,927,1061,1244,1454,1481,1543,1576,1609,1635,1666,1695,1993],"colitis":[167,193,375,612,634,694,1062,1245,1455,1636,2013],"are":[168,215,298,605,1088],"at":[169,200,332,453,541,629,784,983,1072,1166,1489],"increased":[170,241],"dysplasia":[174,450,548,570,687,952,1220,1538,1574,1633],"cancer;":[176],"occurs":[178],"up":[180],"13%":[182],"patients":[184,205,372,405,552,609,622,782,971,1452,1607,1637,1664,1987],"within":[185,1182],"20":[186,583],"years":[187,1186],"(1).":[188],"Patients":[189,1895],"who":[190,380,623],"primary":[195,377,462,614,731,1066,1109,1125,1457,1511,1639,1737,1751,1989],"sclerosing":[196,378,463,615,732,1067,1126,1458,1640,1738,1752,1990,2011],"cholangitis":[197,379,733,1127,1991],"may":[198,662,1054,1131,1150],"be":[199,754,871,1042,1132,1151,1195,1775],"even":[201],"greater":[202],"risk.":[203,646],"Such":[204],"accelerated":[207],"rates":[208,363,573,673],"numbers":[210],"neoplastic":[212],"events":[213,829],"likely":[216,444],"benefit":[218],"considerably":[219],"from":[220,434,439,578,598,921],"chemopreventive":[221,281,707,916,1178,1202,1250,1281],"interventions":[222,1251],"complement":[224],"established":[225,517,683],"preventive":[226,868,1270],"measures":[227,1271],"(screening,":[228],"surveillance,":[229],"polypectomy,":[230],"prophylactic":[232],"surgery).Fecal":[233],"bile":[234,258,903,1346],"acids":[235,1347,1368],"long":[237],"associated":[239,643,741,937,988,1444],"cancer.":[245,997,1303,1398],"Evidence":[246],"supporting":[247],"association":[249,1215],"includes":[250],"vitro":[252],"mutagenesis":[253],"deoxycholic":[255],"acid":[256,1566,1598,1733],"(2),":[257],"acid\u2013induced":[259],"tumor":[260,1938],"promotion":[261],"animal":[263],"models":[264,287],"(3),":[265],"epidemiologic":[267],"investigations":[268],"(4).":[269],"Ursodiol,":[270],"noncytotoxic":[272],"hydrophilic":[273],"epimer":[274],"chenodeoxycholic":[276],"acid,":[277],"shown":[279,755,854],"promising":[280],"efficacy":[282,819,1179],"two":[284,641,1029],"carcinogen-induced":[285,317],"rat":[286],"carcinogenesis.":[290],"precise":[293],"mechanisms":[294],"underlying":[295],"these":[296,651,1037,1142],"effects":[297,936],"incompletely":[299],"understood,":[300],"ursodiol":[301,359,555,625,729,738,776,821,852,887,1102,1121,1181,1199,1217],"reported":[304,574,931,962],"enhance":[306],"expression":[308],"major":[310],"histocompatibility":[311],"antigens":[312],"on":[313,368,497,595,1176,1265,1348,1491,1534,1568,1936],"premalignant":[314],"tissues,":[315],"modulate":[316],"changes":[318,896],"protein":[320,337],"kinase":[321],"C,":[322,1403,1471],"stabilize":[323],"cellular":[324],"membranes,":[325],"reduce":[326,340,859,1055],"mucosal":[327,341,488,893,945],"concentrations":[328,898],"phospholipase":[330],"A2":[331],"messenger":[334],"RNA":[335],"levels,":[338],"prostanoids":[342],"aberrant":[344],"crypt":[345],"foci":[346],"(5).In":[348],"issue,":[350],"Tung":[351,602,1224,1426,1905],"colleagues":[353,604,1000,1226],"(6)":[354],"present":[355],"intriguing":[356],"data":[357,510,1175],"linking":[358],"use":[360,427,468,701,979,1006,1119,1218,1442],"lower":[362,1446],"dysplasia,":[366,863],"based":[367,1264],"observations":[369],"59":[371],"were":[381,406,472,479,505,511,626,853],"participating":[382],"colonoscopic":[385,485],"surveillance":[386,486],"trial.":[387,1210,1742],"The":[388,545,647,1237,1409,1562,1628],"authors":[389,648],"used":[390],"sound":[391],"methods":[392],"defined":[394],"their":[395],"cohort":[396,535],"standardized":[398],"histologic":[399],"cholangiographic":[401],"criteria.":[402],"All":[403],"eligible":[404],"included":[407],"analyses.":[410],"Ursodiol":[411,1441,1749],"exposure\u2014specifically":[412],"dosage":[413],"(average,":[414,428],"8.9":[415],"9.9":[417],"mg/kg":[418,792,804],"body":[420],"weight":[421],"per":[422,793,805],"day)":[423],"duration":[425,457,460,587],"3.5":[429],"4.2":[431],"years)\u2014was":[432],"ascertained":[433],"medical":[435,1239],"records,":[436],"support":[438],"patient":[440,907],"interviews.":[441],"Well-established":[442],"covariates":[443],"alter":[446],"occurrence":[448,1939],"(sex,":[451],"age":[452,1488],"onset":[454,631,1490],"colitis,":[456,459,681],"cholangitis,":[464],"Child\u2013Pugh":[465],"class,":[466],"concomitant":[470],"medications)":[471],"similarly":[473],"assessed.":[474],"Dysplasia":[475],"outcomes":[478],"measured":[480],"according":[481],"an":[483,538,682,1778],"investigational":[484],"biopsy":[489,839],"schedule":[490],"(every":[491],"1":[492],"3":[494,985],"years,":[495],"depending":[496],"highest":[499],"grade":[500],"dysplasia).":[502],"Biopsy":[503],"specimens":[504],"rigorously":[506],"scrutinized,":[507],"analyzed":[512],"experienced":[514],"statisticians":[515],"using":[516,554],"methods.Despite":[518],"abundant":[520],"strengths":[521],"study,":[524],"several":[525,1114],"limitations":[526],"merit":[527],"discussion.":[528],"First,":[529],"study":[531,600,968,1018,1699],"involved":[532],"small":[534],"followed":[536],"unspecified":[539],"period":[540],"single":[543],"institution.":[544],"rate":[546,1147],"not":[553,697,725,1026],"was":[556,696,724,987,1025,1965],"relatively":[557,785,1050],"high":[558],"(that":[559,576],"is,":[560,577],"72%":[561],"after":[562,582,1351],"mean":[564],"21":[566],"years)":[567],"compared":[568,619,795],"elsewhere":[575],"20%":[579],"50%":[581],"25":[585],"years'":[586],"colitis).":[590],"disparity":[592],"casts":[593],"doubt":[594],"whether":[596],"findings":[597],"applicable":[606],"all":[608],"cholangitis.":[616,1459,1641,1753],"In":[617,807,956,1793],"addition,":[618,808],"nonusers,":[621],"took":[624],"significantly":[627],"older":[628],"had":[636],"shorter":[637],"durations":[638],"disease,":[640],"factors":[642,1659],"reduced":[645,1009,1152],"appropriately":[649],"addressed":[650],"potential":[652,708,869],"confounders":[653],"performing":[655],"adjusted":[656],"multivariate":[657],"analyses;":[658],"however,":[659],"groups":[661],"differed":[664],"other":[666,703,712,720,826,914],"ways":[667],"might":[669],"account":[670],"dissimilar":[672],"dysplasia.":[675],"For":[676,849],"example,":[677,715,831,850,892],"anatomic":[678],"extent":[679,1486],"factor":[685],"persons":[691,925,1059,1107,1123,1165,1242],"(7),":[695],"addressed.":[698],"Furthermore,":[699],"medications":[704],"significant":[706],"cohorts":[713],"(for":[714,830,891],"folate":[716,939,1532],"or":[717,759,825,841,889,895,1064,1069,1154,1573,1632],"aspirin":[718],"nonsteroidal":[721],"anti-inflammatory":[722],"drugs)":[723],"discussed.The":[726],"utility":[727],"somewhat":[735],"controversial.":[736],"While":[737],"improvements":[743],"biochemical":[745],"indices":[746],"liver":[748,763],"function,":[749],"yet":[752,1040],"consistently":[757],"reverse":[758],"retard":[760],"progression":[761],"disease":[764,1301],"(8).":[765],"Therefore,":[766],"critical":[769],"know":[771],"rationale":[773],"prescribing":[775],"subset":[780],"low":[786],"dosages":[787],"(approximately":[788],"9":[789],"10":[791],"day":[794],"standard":[798],"dosing":[799],"13":[801],"15":[803],"day).":[806],"time":[809],"progression,":[811],"as":[812,814,1200,1970],"well":[813],"long-term":[815,1005],"follow-up":[816],"assessing":[817,886],"against":[822,1691],"clinically":[827],"relevant":[828],"frequency":[832],"endoscopic":[834],"evaluations,":[835],"intensity":[836],"protocol,":[840],"colectomy),":[842],"would":[843,870,1194],"considerable":[847],"relevance.":[848],"if":[851,1212],"delay":[856],"ultimately":[858],"case":[865],"its":[867],"stronger.":[872],"Finally,":[873],"argument":[875],"could":[876],"strengthened":[879],"further":[880],"through":[881],"inclusion":[883],"biomarkers":[885],"pharmacokinetics":[888],"pharmacodynamics":[890],"kinetics":[894,1602],"serum":[900],"fecal":[902],"acids)":[904],"confirm":[906],"adherence,":[908],"agent":[909,1203],"bioavailability,":[910],"biological":[912],"effects.Several":[913],"possible":[915],"agents":[917,1038],"identified":[920],"observational":[922],"studies":[923,1031,1087],"colitis.":[928,1482,1544,1577,1610],"Studies":[929],"variety":[933],"protective":[935],"supplements,":[940],"including":[941],"normalization":[942],"rectal":[944,1604],"proliferation":[946],"reductions":[948],"(9-12).":[955],"1994,":[957],"Pinczowski":[958,1648],"coworkers":[960],"(13)":[961],"results":[964],"case\u2013control":[967,1546,1669],"involving":[969],"102":[970],"196":[973],"matched":[974],"controls":[975],"which":[977],"sulfasalazine":[981,1008],"least":[984],"months":[986],"62%":[991],"reduction":[992],"Moody":[998,1675],"(14)":[1001],"subsequently":[1002],"confirmed":[1003],"prospective":[1017],"175":[1020],"patients,":[1021],"but":[1022,1272],"effect":[1024,1326,1344,1563],"observed":[1027],"later":[1030],"(6,":[1032],"12).":[1033],"Randomized":[1034],"trials":[1035,1100,1163,1278,1506],"initiated.The":[1043],"hypothesis":[1044],"ursodiol,":[1046],"drug":[1048,1157],"few":[1051,1185],"side":[1052],"effects,":[1053],"neoplasia":[1057,1076,1140,1149,1450,1985],"(with":[1063],"without":[1065],"cholangitis)":[1068],"those":[1071],"general":[1079],"population":[1080],"intriguing,":[1082],"although":[1083],"still":[1084],"unproven.":[1085],"Several":[1086],"under":[1089],"way":[1090],"address":[1092],"question":[1094],"definitively.":[1096],"Eleven":[1097],"randomized,":[1098,1276],"placebo-controlled":[1099,1162,1741],"completed":[1105],"biliary":[1110,1329,1512],"cirrhosis":[1111],"(8),":[1112],"others":[1115],"evaluated":[1117],"(15,":[1128],"16).":[1129],"It":[1130],"expedient":[1133],"examine":[1135],"trials,":[1143],"expecting":[1144],"during,":[1153],"immediately":[1155],"following,":[1156],"exposure.":[1158],"Two":[1159],"large,":[1160],"ongoing":[1161],"sporadic":[1169],"adenomas":[1171],"will":[1172,1293],"contribute":[1173],"next":[1184],"(17,":[1187],"Alberts":[1188],"D.":[1189],"Personal":[1190],"communication).At":[1191],"present,":[1192],"premature":[1196],"offer":[1198],"outside":[1204],"context":[1206],"clinical":[1209,1288,1781],"However,":[1211],"inverse":[1214],"prevalence":[1221,1447],"described":[1222],"causal":[1228],"true,":[1230],"very":[1234],"exciting":[1235],"observation.":[1236],"unmet":[1238],"needs":[1240],"promise":[1248],"suggest":[1252],"near-term":[1254],"emergence":[1255],"new":[1258],"best-practice":[1259],"model.":[1260],"model":[1262],"application":[1267],"existing":[1269],"incorporates":[1273],"participation":[1274],"controlled":[1277,1505],"novel":[1280],"agents,":[1282],"ensuring":[1283],"gap":[1286],"practice":[1289],"research":[1292],"continue":[1294],"narrow.References1.":[1296],"Itzkowitz":[1297],"SH.":[1298],"Inflammatory":[1299,1954],"bowel":[1300],"Gastroenterol":[1304,1712],"Clin":[1305],"North":[1306],"Am.":[1307],"1997;26:129-39.":[1308],"CrossrefMedlineGoogle":[1309,1333,1363,1381,1496,1518,1550,1580,1646,1673,1715,1745,1766],"Scholar2.":[1310],"Wilpart":[1311],"M,":[1312],"Mainguet":[1313],"P,":[1314,1591],"Maskens":[1315],"A,":[1316,1467,1559,1623,1651],"Roberfroid":[1317],"M.":[1318],"Mutagenicity":[1319],"1,2-dimethylhydrazine":[1321],"towards":[1322],"Salmonella":[1323],"typhimurium,":[1324],"co-mutagenic":[1325],"secondary":[1328],"acids.":[1330],"Carcinogenesis.":[1331],"1983;4:45-8.":[1332],"Scholar3.":[1334],"Narisawa":[1335],"T,":[1336],"Magadia":[1337],"NE,":[1338],"Weisburger":[1339],"JH,":[1340],"Wynder":[1341],"EL.":[1342],"Promoting":[1343],"colon":[1349,1937],"carcinogenesis":[1350],"intrarectal":[1352],"instillation":[1353],"N-methyl-N\u2032-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine":[1355],"rats.":[1357],"J":[1358,1374,1643,1711,1763],"Natl":[1359],"Inst.":[1361],"1974;53:1093-7.":[1362],"Scholar4.":[1364],"Hill":[1365],"MJ.":[1366],"Bile":[1367],"cancer:":[1371],"hypothesis.":[1372],"Eur":[1373,1710],"Prev.":[1376,1614],"1991;1":[1377],"Suppl":[1378,1786],"2":[1379,1787],"69-74.":[1380],"Scholar5.":[1382],"ET,":[1384],"Viner":[1385],"JL,":[1386],"Limburg":[1387],"PJ.":[1388],"colorectum:":[1392],"epidemiology":[1393],"In:":[1399],"Evans":[1400],"D,":[1401,1649],"Willett":[1402],"Hamilton":[1404],"S,":[1405],"Abbruzzese":[1406],"J,":[1407,1499,1653,1655],"eds.":[1408],"Principles":[1410],"Gastrointestinal":[1414,1829,1859],"Oncology.":[1415],"New":[1416],"York:":[1417],"Oxford":[1418],"Univ":[1419],"Pr;":[1420],"2001":[1421,2017,2022],"[In":[1422],"press].":[1423],"Google":[1424],"Scholar6.":[1425],"BY,":[1427],"Emond":[1428,1909],"MJ,":[1429],"Haggitt":[1430,1913],"RC,":[1431],"Bronner":[1432,1917],"MP,":[1433],"Kimmey":[1434,1921],"MB,":[1435,1473],"Kowdley":[1436,1925],"KV,":[1437],"et":[1438,1594,1729],"al":[1439,1595,1730],".":[1440,1596,1731],"colonic":[1449],"Ann":[1460],"Intern":[1461],"Med.":[1462,1764],"2001;134:89-95.":[1463],"LinkGoogle":[1464],"Scholar7.":[1465],"Sugita":[1466],"Sachar":[1468],"DB,":[1469],"Bodian":[1470],"Ribeiro":[1472],"Aufses":[1474],"AH,":[1475],"Greenstein":[1476],"AJ.":[1477],"Colorectal":[1478,1998],"Influence":[1483],"anatomical":[1485],"colitis-cancer":[1492],"interval.":[1493],"Gut.":[1494],"1991;32:167-9.":[1495],"Scholar8.":[1497],"Goulis":[1498],"Leandro":[1500],"G,":[1501,1583,1593],"Burroughs":[1502],"AK.":[1503],"Randomised":[1504],"ursodeoxycholic-acid":[1508],"therapy":[1509,1687],"cirrhosis:":[1513],"meta-analysis.":[1515],"Lancet.":[1516],"1999;354:1053-60.":[1517],"Scholar9.":[1519],"Lashner":[1520,1552,1626],"BA,":[1521,1553],"Heidenreich":[1522],"PA,":[1523],"Su":[1524],"GL,":[1525],"Kane":[1526],"SV,":[1527],"Hanauer":[1528],"SB.":[1529],"Effect":[1530],"supplementation":[1533,1567,1599],"chronic":[1542],"A":[1545,1796,1995],"study.":[1547,1670],"Gastroenterology.":[1548,1578,1671,1784],"1989;97:255-9.":[1549],"Scholar10.":[1551],"Provencher":[1554],"KS,":[1555],"Seidner":[1556],"DL,":[1557],"Knesebeck":[1558],"Brzezinski":[1560,1622],"A.":[1561,1929],"folic":[1565],"1997;112:29-32.":[1579],"Scholar11.":[1581],"Biasco":[1582],"Zannoni":[1584],"U,":[1585,1718,1720,1724],"Paganelli":[1586],"GM,":[1587],"Santucci":[1588],"R,":[1589],"Gionchetti":[1590],"Rivolta":[1592],"Folic":[1597],"cell":[1601],"mucosa":[1605],"Epidemiol":[1612],"Biomarkers":[1613],"1997;6:469-71.":[1615],"MedlineGoogle":[1616],"Scholar12.":[1617],"Shetty":[1618],"K,":[1619],"Rybicki":[1620],"L,":[1621],"Carey":[1624],"WD,":[1625],"BA.":[1627],"Am":[1642],"Gastroenterol.":[1644],"1999;94:1643-9.":[1645],"Scholar13.":[1647],"Ekbom":[1650],"Baron":[1652],"Yuen":[1654],"Adami":[1656],"HO.":[1657],"Risk":[1658,1948],"colitis:":[1667,1696,1994],"1994;107:117-20.":[1672],"Scholar14.":[1674],"GA,":[1676],"Jayanthi":[1677],"V,":[1678],"Probert":[1679],"CS,":[1680],"Mac":[1681],"Kay":[1682],"H,":[1683],"Mayberry":[1684],"JF.":[1685],"Long-term":[1686],"sulphasalazine":[1689],"protects":[1690],"retrospective":[1698],"compliance":[1705,1773],"treatment":[1707,1735],"Leicestershire.":[1709],"Hepatol.":[1713],"1996;8:1179-83.":[1714],"Scholar15.":[1716],"Beuers":[1717],"Spengler":[1719],"Kruis":[1721],"W,":[1722,1728],"Aydemir":[1723],"Wiebecke":[1725],"B,":[1726],"Heldwein":[1727],"Ursodeoxycholic":[1732],"cholangitis:":[1739],"Hepatology.":[1743],"1992;16:707-14.":[1744],"Scholar16.":[1746],"Lindor":[1747],"KD.":[1748],"Mayo":[1754],"Primary":[1755,1900],"Sclerosing":[1756,1901],"Cholangitis-Ursodeoxycholic":[1757],"Acid":[1758],"Study":[1759],"Group.":[1760],"N":[1761],"Engl":[1762],"1997;336:691-5.":[1765],"Scholar17.":[1767],"Larson":[1768],"MV,":[1769],"Carlson":[1770],"EC.":[1771],"High":[1772],"can":[1774],"achieved":[1776],"adenoma":[1779],"trial":[1782],"[Abstract].":[1783],"2000;118":[1785],"A278.":[1788],"CrossrefGoogle":[1789],"Scholar":[1790],"Comments0":[1791],"CommentsSign":[1792],"Submit":[1795],"Comment":[1797],"Author,":[1798],"InformationAuthors:":[1802],"Ernest":[1803,1824],"MPH;":[1807],"MAAffiliations:":[1812],"Drs.":[1813,1855],"20892-7322Corresponding":[1822],"Author:":[1823],"MPH,":[1828],"Other":[1831,1861],"Research":[1833,1863],"Group,":[1834,1864],"Institute,":[1837,1867],"Division":[1838,1868],"Prevention,":[1841,1871],"EPN,":[1842,1872],"Suite":[1843,1873],"201,":[1844,1874],"6130":[1845,1875],"Executive":[1846,1876],"Boulevard,":[1847,1877],"20892-7322;":[1850],"e-mail,":[1851],"eh51p@nih.gov.Current":[1852],"Author":[1853],"Addresses:":[1854],"20892-7322.":[1880],"PreviousarticleNextarticle":[1881],"Advertisement":[1882],"FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee":[1883],"AlsoUrsodiol":[1884],"Use":[1885],"Is":[1886],"Associated":[1887],"Lower":[1889],"Prevalence":[1890],"Colonic":[1892],"Neoplasia":[1893],"Colitis":[1898],"Cholangitis":[1902],"Bruce":[1903],"Y.":[1904],",":[1906,1910,1914,1918,1922,1926],"Mary":[1907,1915],"J.":[1908],"Rodger":[1911],"C.":[1912],"P.":[1916],"Michael":[1919],"B.":[1920],"Kris":[1923],"V.":[1924],"Teresa":[1928],"Brentnall":[1930],"Metrics":[1931],"Cited":[1932],"byInfluence":[1933],"myeloperoxidase":[1935],"inflamed":[1941],"versus":[1942],"non-inflamed":[1943],"colons":[1944],"ApcMin/+":[1946],"miceChemoprevention:":[1947],"Reduction":[1949],"Medical":[1951],"Therapy":[1952],"Bowel":[1955],"DiseaseColorectal":[1956],"chemoprevention\u2014an":[1958],"overview":[1959],"science1":[1962],"1This":[1963],"article":[1964],"prepared":[1966],"our":[1968],"capacity":[1969],"employees":[1971],"U.S.":[1974],"Federal":[1975],"Government.Epidemiology":[1976],"cancerIncreased":[1981],"meta-analysisChemoprevention":[1996],"16":[2000,2015,2020],"2001Volume":[2002],"134,":[2003],"Issue":[2004,2018],"2Page:":[2005],"158-160KeywordsAcidsBiopsyCancer":[2006],"preventionClinical":[2007],"trialsColitisColorectal":[2008],"cancerColorectal":[2009],"neoplasiaDysplasiaPrimary":[2010],"cholangitisUlcerative":[2012],"ePublished:":[2014],"Published:":[2019],"PDF":[2023],"downloadLoading":[2024],"...":[2025]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
