{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982937155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","title":"Economic Quality Control of Manufactured Product 1","display_name":"Economic Quality Control of Manufactured Product 1","publication_year":1930,"publication_date":"1930-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982937155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","mag":"1982937155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127472826","display_name":"Bell System Technical Journal","issn_l":"0005-8580","issn":["0005-8580","2376-7154"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bell System Technical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081819199","display_name":"WALTER A. SHEWHART","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. A. Shewhart","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081819199"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":156,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"364","last_page":"389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11443","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11443","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13706","display_name":"Management and Optimization Techniques","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12905","display_name":"Management Systems and Quality Improvement","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-variation","display_name":"quality variation","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-process-control","display_name":"statistical process control","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-limits","display_name":"control limits","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-of-quality","display_name":"quality costs","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-equipment-manufacturing","display_name":"telecommunications equipment industry","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8057857751846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7828153967857361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.6431121826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5377609133720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4831118583679199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4468831717967987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.443086177110672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3649168014526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.32835274934768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3261266052722931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2787935733795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18022581934928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12488651275634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11158919334411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05858731269836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1930.tb00373.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127472826","display_name":"Bell System Technical Journal","issn_l":"0005-8580","issn":["0005-8580","2376-7154"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bell System Technical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091311817","https://openalex.org/W2800297739","https://openalex.org/W2360043648","https://openalex.org/W2584059995","https://openalex.org/W7213610081","https://openalex.org/W574828148","https://openalex.org/W2151082264","https://openalex.org/W4245565144","https://openalex.org/W4390492092","https://openalex.org/W574479645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"That":[0],"we":[1,68,132],"cannot":[2],"make":[3],"all":[4],"pieces":[5,26],"of":[6,10,25,27,31,42,51,87,92],"a":[7,17,62,93],"given":[8],"kind":[9,30],"product":[11,32,43,102],"identically":[12],"alike":[13],"is":[14,75,103,110],"accepted":[15],"as":[16,71,73],"general":[18],"truth.":[19],"It":[20],"follows":[21],"that":[22],"the":[23,28,40,90,101,119,127,134],"qualities":[24],"same":[29],"differ":[33],"among":[34],"themselves,":[35],"or,":[36],"in":[37,55,80,89,126,139],"other":[38],"words,":[39],"quality":[41,91,120],"must":[44],"be":[45,106,122],"expected":[46,123],"to":[47,78,105,113,124],"vary.":[48],"The":[49,58],"causes":[50,86],"this":[52,96],"variability":[53,88],"are,":[54],"general,":[56],"unknown.":[57],"present":[59],"paper":[60],"presents":[61],"scientific":[63],"basis":[64],"for":[65],"determining":[66],"when":[67],"have":[69],"gone":[70],"far":[72],"it":[74,109],"economically":[76],"feasible":[77],"go":[79],"eliminating":[81],"these":[82],"unknown":[83],"or":[84],"chance":[85],"product.":[94],"When":[95],"state":[97],"has":[98],"been":[99],"reached,":[100],"said":[104],"controlled":[107],"because":[108],"then":[111],"possible":[112],"set":[114],"up":[115],"limits":[116],"within":[117],"which":[118],"may":[121],"remain":[125],"future.":[128],"By":[129],"securing":[130],"control,":[131],"attain":[133],"five":[135],"economic":[136],"advantages":[137],"discussed":[138],"Part":[140],"III.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}