{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982909972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","title":"The Epworth Sleepiness Scale may not reflect objective measures of sleepiness or sleep apnea","display_name":"The Epworth Sleepiness Scale may not reflect objective measures of sleepiness or sleep apnea","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982909972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","mag":"1982909972","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9921859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79704628","display_name":"Neurology","issn_l":"0028-3878","issn":["0028-3878","1526-632X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091584382","display_name":"Ronald David Chervin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-5133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-5133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114445","display_name":"Michigan Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01zcpa714","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114445"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald D. Chervin","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Sleep Disorders Center and Department of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0117, USA. chervinumich.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Sleep Disorders Center and Department of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0117, USA. chervinumich.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210114445"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110263063","display_name":"Michael S. Aldrich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Aldrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Sleep Disorders Center and Department of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Sleep Disorders Center and Department of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.38,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":390,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98187736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"1","first_page":"125","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epworth-sleepiness-scale","display_name":"Epworth Sleepiness Scale","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstructive-sleep-apnea","display_name":"obstructive sleep apnea","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excessive-daytime-sleepiness","display_name":"excessive daytime sleepiness","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sleep-latency-test","display_name":"multiple sleep latency test","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-apnea-severity","display_name":"sleep apnea severity","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypopnea","display_name":"hypopnea","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-saturation","display_name":"oxygen saturation","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.7419999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778664715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347756","display_name":"Epworth Sleepiness Scale","level":4,"score":0.9503449201583862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777935920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213600","display_name":"Sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.6073072552680969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5900776386260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776006263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16606552","display_name":"Obstructive sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.5133218169212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781326671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754424","display_name":"Apnea","level":2,"score":0.4854622483253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4113597869873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.41112104058265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.33740925788879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.21997401118278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2141168713569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07275870442390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010092","descriptor_name":"Oximetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012891","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea Syndromes","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012891","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea Syndromes","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016353","descriptor_name":"Self-Examination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.1.125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79704628","display_name":"Neurology","issn_l":"0028-3878","issn":["0028-3878","1526-632X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9921859","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9921859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6559414222","display_name":"PRIMARY SLEEP DISORDERS IN HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN","funder_award_id":"K02NS002009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1653487","https://openalex.org/W30439761","https://openalex.org/W96915669","https://openalex.org/W131615448","https://openalex.org/W197066864","https://openalex.org/W1580403824","https://openalex.org/W1600390471","https://openalex.org/W1726343988","https://openalex.org/W1848049602","https://openalex.org/W1964924469","https://openalex.org/W1985094459","https://openalex.org/W1993419329","https://openalex.org/W2002222957","https://openalex.org/W2004158204","https://openalex.org/W2005715848","https://openalex.org/W2007702485","https://openalex.org/W2017442497","https://openalex.org/W2017647414","https://openalex.org/W2024482063","https://openalex.org/W2028679926","https://openalex.org/W2033929990","https://openalex.org/W2036784695","https://openalex.org/W2037783974","https://openalex.org/W2041413714","https://openalex.org/W2043746499","https://openalex.org/W2048349453","https://openalex.org/W2050029131","https://openalex.org/W2057304857","https://openalex.org/W2076734066","https://openalex.org/W2079747929","https://openalex.org/W2128827325","https://openalex.org/W2129406901","https://openalex.org/W2131885805","https://openalex.org/W2143113964","https://openalex.org/W2160238191","https://openalex.org/W2171651041","https://openalex.org/W2303635956","https://openalex.org/W2333343699","https://openalex.org/W2408436355","https://openalex.org/W2409487943","https://openalex.org/W2414175470","https://openalex.org/W2443707114","https://openalex.org/W2463447455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093857616","https://openalex.org/W2913888102","https://openalex.org/W2017841468","https://openalex.org/W2349036423","https://openalex.org/W2319264194","https://openalex.org/W197066864","https://openalex.org/W4236157025","https://openalex.org/W2017647414","https://openalex.org/W2065694980","https://openalex.org/W2098829051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"assess":[2],"the":[3,6,50,59,79,133,144,183,199,210],"validity":[4],"of":[5,15,39,67,103,117,129,135,141,167,190],"Epworth":[7],"Sleepiness":[8],"Scale":[9],"score":[10],"(ES)":[11],"as":[12,36,206],"a":[13,37,99,114,153,207],"measure":[14,38],"sleepiness":[16,42,119,160],"among":[17,70],"patients":[18,71,105],"suspected":[19],"or":[20,87,137,165,188],"confirmed":[21],"to":[22,106,111,113,125],"have":[23],"obstructive":[24],"sleep":[25,55,68,130,142,168,191],"apnea":[26,69,131,169,192],"syndrome.":[27],"BACKGROUND:":[28],"The":[29,90,150],"ES":[30,51,80,109,151,184,202],"is":[31],"used":[32,92,205],"with":[33,53,65,72,157,163],"increasing":[34],"frequency":[35],"excessive":[40],"daytime":[41],"in":[43],"part":[44],"because":[45],"several":[46],"studies":[47],"suggested":[48],"that":[49,73,198],"correlates":[52],"mean":[54],"latency":[56],"(MSL)":[57],"on":[58,182],"Multiple":[60],"Sleep":[61],"Latency":[62],"Test":[63],"and":[64,81,95,124,143],"severity":[66],"disorder.":[74],"However,":[75],"associations":[76],"identified":[77],"between":[78],"other":[82],"measures":[83,128,166,189],"were":[84],"not":[85,162],"strong":[86],"consistent.":[88],"METHODS:":[89],"authors":[91],"regression":[93],"models":[94],"retrospective":[96],"data":[97,196],"from":[98],"relatively":[100],"large":[101],"series":[102],"237":[104],"restudy":[107],"how":[108],"relates":[110],"MSL,":[112],"simple":[115],"self-rating":[116],"problem":[118,159],"(available":[120],"for":[121,174,209],"141":[122],"patients),":[123],"two":[126],"polysomnographic":[127],"severity:":[132],"number":[134],"apneas":[136],"hypopneas":[138],"per":[139],"hour":[140],"minimum":[145],"recorded":[146],"oxygen":[147],"saturation.":[148],"RESULTS:":[149],"had":[152,178],"statistically":[154],"significant":[155],"association":[156],"self-rated":[158],"but":[161],"MSL":[164,187],"severity.":[170,193],"Male":[171],"gender,":[172],"adjusted":[173],"potential":[175],"confounding":[176],"variables,":[177],"considerably":[179],"more":[180],"influence":[181],"than":[185],"did":[186],"CONCLUSIONS:":[194],"Our":[195],"suggest":[197],"subjectively":[200],"derived":[201],"cannot":[203],"be":[204],"surrogate":[208],"objectively":[211],"determined":[212],"MSL.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}