{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982901159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","title":"The Use and Abuse of Limits of Detection in Environmental Analytical Chemistry","display_name":"The Use and Abuse of Limits of Detection in Environmental Analytical Chemistry","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982901159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","mag":"1982901159","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690384","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5848744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2008/632356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29243050","display_name":"The Scientific World JOURNAL","issn_l":"1537-744X","issn":["1537-744X","2356-6140"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Scientific World JOURNAL","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2008/632356.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052954725","display_name":"Richard J. C. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6106-0996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6106-0996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. C. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Analytical Science Team, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Analytical Science Team, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052954725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"],"apc_list":{"value":860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":860},"apc_paid":{"value":860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":860},"fwci":2.6438,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89498204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"796","last_page":"801"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10180","display_name":"Analytical chemistry methods development","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-limit","display_name":"detection limit","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-analytical-chemistry","display_name":"environmental analytical chemistry","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/method-comparison","display_name":"method comparison","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-volume","display_name":"sample volume","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blank-samples","display_name":"blank samples","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-uncertainty","display_name":"measurement uncertainty","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-performance","display_name":"signal-to-noise performance","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/method-performance-evaluation","display_name":"method performance evaluation","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6795812845230103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2282401","display_name":"Analyte","level":2,"score":0.6394071578979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777026412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591","display_name":"Statement (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5712060928344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119128265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900165","display_name":"Detection limit","level":2,"score":0.5540868639945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778089247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368951","display_name":"Blank","level":2,"score":0.5380475521087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5228019952774048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49419429898262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.46171972155570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42597365379333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33567339181900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3266057074069977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.2228901982307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.17828217148780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1540909707546234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.143724262714386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07460770010948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004785","descriptor_name":"Environmental Pollutants","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035501","descriptor_name":"Uncertainty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2008/632356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29243050","display_name":"The Scientific World JOURNAL","issn_l":"1537-744X","issn":["1537-744X","2356-6140"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Scientific World JOURNAL","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4830825","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC5848744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5848744","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5848744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ScientificWorldJournal","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:18690384","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TheScientificWorldJournal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7132c92a76de4d09bf698a0fc1387ca9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7132c92a76de4d09bf698a0fc1387ca9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Scientific World Journal, Vol 8, Pp 796-801 (2008)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.107","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2008/632356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29243050","display_name":"The Scientific World JOURNAL","issn_l":"1537-744X","issn":["1537-744X","2356-6140"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Scientific World JOURNAL","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.5400000214576721}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1982901159.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1982901159.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982901159","https://openalex.org/W1990062444","https://openalex.org/W1992764117","https://openalex.org/W2002253901","https://openalex.org/W2008385258","https://openalex.org/W2050439727","https://openalex.org/W2090909966","https://openalex.org/W2113709044","https://openalex.org/W2145514801","https://openalex.org/W2999858184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055555153","https://openalex.org/W1540592133","https://openalex.org/W4200391041","https://openalex.org/W4247975119","https://openalex.org/W2024703652","https://openalex.org/W2103235800","https://openalex.org/W2960834966","https://openalex.org/W1568084954","https://openalex.org/W2496720595","https://openalex.org/W4285216484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"limit":[1],"of":[2,18,24,46,57,104,119,129,137,140,163],"detection":[3],"(LoD)":[4],"serves":[5],"as":[6,70],"an":[7,160],"important":[8],"method":[9],"performance":[10],"measure":[11],"that":[12,112,126],"is":[13,38,98],"useful":[14],"for":[15,51],"the":[16,22,36,43,47,52,55,60,77,105,110,117,120,123,127,135,138,156],"comparison":[17,83,136],"measurement":[19],"techniques":[20],"and":[21,54,81,165],"assessment":[23],"likely":[25],"signal":[26],"to":[27,42,75,91,100,109,168],"noise":[28],"performance,":[29],"especially":[30],"in":[31,59,116,131,143],"environmental":[32],"analytical":[33,48,86,141,147],"chemistry.":[34],"However,":[35],"LoD":[37,79],"only":[39],"truly":[40],"related":[41],"precision":[44],"characteristics":[45],"instrument":[49],"employed":[50],"analysis":[53],"content":[56],"analyte":[58],"blank":[61],"sample.":[62],"This":[63],"article":[64,124],"discusses":[65,125],"how":[66],"other":[67,133],"criteria,":[68],"such":[69],"sampling":[71],"volume,":[72],"can":[73],"serve":[74],"distort":[76],"quoted":[78],"artificially":[80],"make":[82],"between":[84,94],"various":[85],"methods":[87,95],"inequitable.":[88],"In":[89],"order":[90],"compare":[92],"LoDs":[93,130],"properly,":[96],"it":[97],"necessary":[99],"state":[101],"clearly":[102],"all":[103],"input":[106],"parameters":[107],"relating":[108],"measurements":[111],"have":[113],"been":[114],"used":[115],"calculation":[118],"LoD.":[121],"Additionally,":[122],"use":[128],"contexts":[132],"than":[134,154],"attributes":[139],"methods,":[142],"particular":[144],"when":[145],"reporting":[146],"results,":[148],"may":[149,166],"be":[150],"confusing,":[151],"less":[152],"informative":[153],"quoting":[155],"actual":[157],"result":[158],"with":[159],"accompanying":[161],"statement":[162],"uncertainty,":[164],"act":[167],"bias":[169],"descriptive":[170],"statistics.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}