{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982871908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","title":"THE CHITIN SYSTEM","display_name":"THE CHITIN SYSTEM","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982871908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","mag":"1982871908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86137544","display_name":"Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society","issn_l":"0006-3231","issn":["0006-3231","1464-7931","1469-185X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1982871908"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084610065","display_name":"K.M. Rudall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. M. RUDALL","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University. Leeds"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University. Leeds","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090160289","display_name":"William Kenchington","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. KENCHINGTON","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University. Leeds"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University. Leeds","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":{"value":5390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":403,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31683168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"4","first_page":"597","last_page":"633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12683","display_name":"Studies on Chitinases and Chitosanases","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12683","display_name":"Studies on Chitinases and Chitosanases","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10423","display_name":"Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","score":0.02160000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10488","display_name":"Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging","score":0.014399999752640724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chitin","display_name":"chitin","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chitin-synthetase","display_name":"chitin synthetase","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucosamine","display_name":"glucosamine","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chitin-synthesis","display_name":"chitin synthesis","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellulose","display_name":"cellulose","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peritrophic-membrane","display_name":"peritrophic membrane","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insect-cuticle","display_name":"insect cuticle","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apodemes","display_name":"apodemes","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfibrils","display_name":"microfibrils","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deuterostomia","display_name":"deuterostomes","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fungi","display_name":"fungi","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arthropod-cuticle","display_name":"arthropod cuticle","score":0.7450000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781088250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161219","display_name":"Chitin","level":3,"score":0.9817885160446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30055919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1566548","display_name":"Cuticle (hair)","level":2,"score":0.7680325508117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138603459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3406498","display_name":"Arthropod cuticle","level":3,"score":0.6029824614524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778125326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327506","display_name":"Glucosamine","level":2,"score":0.5830885767936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4664672613143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776134702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360","display_name":"Arthropod","level":2,"score":0.4617237448692322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777612826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1390","display_name":"Insect","level":2,"score":0.36599206924438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3393588066101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.3351149559020996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.3220158815383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.24790030717849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.23528921604156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10669749975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779732960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408510","display_name":"Chitosan","level":2,"score":0.06636390089988708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1973.tb01570.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86137544","display_name":"Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society","issn_l":"0006-3231","issn":["0006-3231","1464-7931","1469-185X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10939080","https://openalex.org/W25887084","https://openalex.org/W67795283","https://openalex.org/W86560810","https://openalex.org/W91694354","https://openalex.org/W144780164","https://openalex.org/W244622487","https://openalex.org/W611213004","https://openalex.org/W616142447","https://openalex.org/W860793347","https://openalex.org/W1964378928","https://openalex.org/W1974250857","https://openalex.org/W1977912993","https://openalex.org/W1986111944","https://openalex.org/W1987903388","https://openalex.org/W1988419691","https://openalex.org/W1989859561","https://openalex.org/W2003007022","https://openalex.org/W2003153440","https://openalex.org/W2009335615","https://openalex.org/W2040447780","https://openalex.org/W2042952755","https://openalex.org/W2045098652","https://openalex.org/W2059001877","https://openalex.org/W2059478088","https://openalex.org/W2059567258","https://openalex.org/W2063576625","https://openalex.org/W2067136699","https://openalex.org/W2075589295","https://openalex.org/W2079114363","https://openalex.org/W2082320175","https://openalex.org/W2086195519","https://openalex.org/W2090168389","https://openalex.org/W2091446571","https://openalex.org/W2341403973","https://openalex.org/W2762233226","https://openalex.org/W2897922991","https://openalex.org/W2914779943","https://openalex.org/W3196603474","https://openalex.org/W4244869798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3023793688","https://openalex.org/W2088890614","https://openalex.org/W2174053354","https://openalex.org/W4414079981","https://openalex.org/W1996036405","https://openalex.org/W2109293107","https://openalex.org/W936366473","https://openalex.org/W1987903388","https://openalex.org/W2946180727","https://openalex.org/W25887084"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SUMMARY":[0],"The":[1,84,271],"view":[2],"is":[3,7,20,44,50,100,146,213,236,274,285],"supported":[4],"that":[5,148],"chitin":[6,17,43,69,82,92,103,137,221,243,305],"not":[8,21,275],"found":[9,22,147],"in":[10,23,78,93,139,159,174,181,228,248,257,289,363],"Deuterostomia":[11],"because":[12,26],"of":[13,16,27,30,41,63,73,81,86,91,97,120,134,184,198,219,231,241,250,266,296,304,312,326,333,356,365,373],"the":[14,28,39,71,94,107,118,130,140,185,192,216,229,232,239,245,253,258,264,294,321,331,334,344,352],"absence":[15,29],"synthetase,":[18],"and":[19,68,89,114,128,162,168,323,354],"higher":[24],"plants":[25],"glucosamine.":[31,60],"In":[32,110,209],"Fungi,":[33],"control":[34],"mechanisms":[35],"are":[36,151,188,224,261,340],"present":[37,158],"affecting":[38],"synthesis":[40],"glucosamine;":[42],"often":[45],"present,":[46],"but":[47,284],"when":[48],"it":[49,145],"absent":[51],"this":[52],"probably":[53],"results":[54],"from":[55,124],"a":[56,74,299,302,324],"failure":[57],"to":[58,105,263],"synthesize":[59],"A":[61],"review":[62],"conformation":[64],"maps":[65],"for":[66,206,215],"cellulose":[67],"indicates":[70],"possibility":[72],"slightly":[75],"right\u2010handed":[76],"twist":[77],"small":[79],"groups":[80,249],"chains.":[83],"occurrence":[85,218],"\u03b1,":[87],"\u03b2":[88,136],"\u03b3\u2010forms":[90],"peritrophic":[95,126],"membranes":[96],"various":[98],"insects":[99,150],"described.":[101],"Gamma":[102],"seems":[104],"be":[106,361],"commonest":[108],"form.":[109],"several":[111],"beetles,":[112],"optical":[113],"electron\u2010microscope":[115],"studies":[116],"trace":[117],"formation":[119],"chitinous":[121],"cocoon":[122],"fibres":[123],"larval":[125],"membrane":[127],"define":[129],"discrete":[131],"ribbon\u2010like":[132],"nature":[133],"the,":[135],"produced":[138],"mid\u2010gut.":[141],"By":[142,165],"studying":[143],"apodemes":[144,177],"orthopteroid":[149],"most":[152],"varied,":[153],"different":[154],"molecular":[155],"structures":[156,173],"being":[157],"levator,":[160],"depressor":[161],"pretarsal":[163],"tendons.":[164],"contrast,":[166],"Hymenoptera":[167],"Coleoptera":[169],"show":[170],"very":[171],"similar":[172],"all":[175],"three":[176,225,251],"as":[178,180,190,298,317,368],"well":[179],"other":[182],"parts":[183],"cuticle.":[186],"Apodemes":[187],"regarded":[189],"sampling":[191],"cuticle":[193],"at":[194],"their":[195],"varying":[196],"points":[197],"origin;":[199],"they":[200],"provide":[201],"especially":[202],"favour":[203],"able":[204],"material":[205],"diffraction":[207,259,347],"studies.":[208],"arthropod":[210],"cuticles":[211],"there":[212],"evidence":[214],"widespread":[217],"\u03b1":[220],"micelles":[222],"which":[223,329],"chains":[226,246],"thick":[227],"direction":[230],"c":[233,254],"axis.":[234,255],"This":[235,310],"compared":[237],"with":[238],"structure":[240,297],"\u03b3":[242],"where":[244],"repeat":[247],"along":[252,320],"Changes":[256],"pattern":[260],"related":[262],"series":[265],"proteins":[267],"defined":[268],"by":[269,277,287,307],"Hackman.":[270],"chitin\u2010protein":[272],"complex":[273],"affected":[276],"water":[278],"or":[279,367],"neutral":[280],"salt":[281],"extrac":[282],"tion,":[283],"disrupted":[286],"treatment":[288],"urea.":[290],"Electron":[291],"microscopy":[292],"defines":[293],"unit":[295],"composite":[300],"microfibril:":[301],"core":[303],"surrounded":[306],"adsorbed":[308],"proteins.":[309],"consists":[311],"\u2018primary\u2019":[313,337],"protein":[314,328],"(often":[315],"repeating":[316],"regular":[318],"units":[319],"fibrils)":[322],"quantity":[325],"\u2018satellite\u2019":[327],"obscures":[330],"imaging":[332],"regularly":[335],"arranged":[336,362],"protein.":[338],"There":[339],"apparent":[341],"\u2018bridges'":[342],"between":[343],"microfibrils.":[345],"New":[346],"data":[348],"give":[349],"information":[350],"about":[351],"size":[353],"arrangement":[355],"micro\u2010fibrils.":[357],"These":[358],"fibrils":[359],"may":[360],"layers":[364],"\u2018rods\u2019,":[366],"an":[369],"hexagonal":[370],"arrange":[371],"ment":[372],"\u2018rods\u2019.":[374]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}