{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982201704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","title":"American Children with Reading Problems Can Easily Learn to Read English Represented by Chinese Characters","display_name":"American Children with Reading Problems Can Easily Learn to Read English Represented by Chinese Characters","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982201704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","mag":"1982201704","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5101816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057929719","display_name":"Paul N. Rozin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9985-6519","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9985-6519"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Rozin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063820522","display_name":"Susan Poritsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Poritsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078462302","display_name":"Raina Sotsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raina Sotsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":185,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99486653,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"171","issue":"3977","first_page":"1264","last_page":"1267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-disabilities","display_name":"reading disorders","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyslexia","display_name":"dyslexia","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-orthography","display_name":"Chinese orthography","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-reading","display_name":"second language reading","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutoring","display_name":"tutoring","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphabetic-writing-systems","display_name":"alphabetic writing systems","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inner-city-children","display_name":"inner-city children","score":0.5730000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150670947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091","display_name":"Orthography","level":3,"score":0.7319022417068481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.717160701751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109089402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8188","display_name":"Syllable","level":2,"score":0.6682636141777039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.6360520124435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.5711385607719421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5567811131477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.5136341452598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48461470007896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4841364324092865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.45594748854637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.323691725730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2892342209815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18479982018470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002666","descriptor_name":"Psychology, Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:5101816","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5101816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972675515","https://openalex.org/W2015072717","https://openalex.org/W2068247585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2313103546","https://openalex.org/W6945582301","https://openalex.org/W190089267","https://openalex.org/W2053447185","https://openalex.org/W3082637700","https://openalex.org/W2358882257","https://openalex.org/W2569450607","https://openalex.org/W6990751634","https://openalex.org/W2244691293","https://openalex.org/W2620869569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"2.5":[1],"to":[2,18,51,59,119],"5.5":[3],"hours":[4],"of":[5,34,45,54,71,75,90,95,101],"tutoring,":[6],"eight":[7],"second-grade":[8],"inner-city":[9],"school":[10],"children":[11],"with":[12],"clear":[13],"reading":[14,82],"disability":[15,83],"were":[16],"taught":[17],"read":[19],"English":[20],"material":[21],"written":[22],"as":[23,38,112],"30":[24],"different":[25],"Chinese":[26,56,63],"characters.":[27],"This":[28],"accomplishment":[29],"eliminates":[30],"certain":[31],"general":[32],"interpretations":[33],"dyslexia,":[35],"for":[36,87],"example,":[37],"a":[39],"visual-auditory":[40],"memory":[41],"deficit.":[42],"The":[43],"success":[44],"this":[46],"program":[47],"can":[48,84],"be":[49,85,117],"attributed":[50],"the":[52,55,60,69,91,96,113],"novelty":[53],"orthography":[57],"and":[58,106],"fact":[61],"that":[62,80,107],"characters":[64],"map":[65],"into":[66],"speech":[67,102],"at":[68],"level":[70],"words":[72],"rather":[73],"than":[74],"phonemes.":[76],"It":[77],"is":[78],"proposed":[79],"much":[81],"accounted":[86],"in":[88,103],"terms":[89],"highly":[92],"abstract":[93],"nature":[94],"phoneme":[97],"(the":[98],"critical":[99],"unit":[100],"alphabetic":[104],"systems)":[105],"an":[108],"intermediate":[109],"unit,":[110],"such":[111],"syllable,":[114],"might":[115],"well":[116],"used":[118],"introduce":[120],"reading.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}