{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1981670163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","title":"Respiratory Evolution Facilitated the Origin of Pterosaur Flight and Aerial Gigantism","display_name":"Respiratory Evolution Facilitated the Origin of Pterosaur Flight and Aerial Gigantism","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1981670163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","mag":"1981670163","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19223979","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2637988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004497&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004497&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046391341","display_name":"Leon P. A. M. Claessens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-6070","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-6070"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107139065","display_name":"College of the Holy Cross","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwp6855","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leon P. A. M. Claessens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA. lclaesse@holycross.edu","Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA. lclaesse@holycross.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019601721","display_name":"Patrick M. O\u2019Connor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6762-3806","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6762-3806"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106879","display_name":"Ohio University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jr3y717","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick M. O'Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047321405","display_name":"David M. Unwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-2642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-2642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Unwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Museum Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Museum Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046391341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107139065"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":8.9155,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":157,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98636298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"e4497","last_page":"e4497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13100","display_name":"Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2702","display_name":"Anatomy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pterosaurs","display_name":"pterosaurs","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-system","display_name":"respiratory system","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flapping-flight","display_name":"flapping flight","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergent-evolution","display_name":"convergent evolution","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archosaurs","display_name":"archosaurs","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birds","display_name":"birds","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alligators","display_name":"alligators","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cretaceous","display_name":"Cretaceous","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-radiation","display_name":"evolutionary radiation","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7440345883369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62142553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200312","display_name":"Convergent evolution","level":4,"score":0.7147132158279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519093","display_name":"Air sacs","level":2,"score":0.6480536460876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910132601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756066","display_name":"Pectoral girdle","level":2,"score":0.573417603969574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.560183584690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56752514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1991038","display_name":"Bird flight","level":3,"score":0.5229530930519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97257150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161358","display_name":"Wing","level":2,"score":0.45231810212135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12294951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44626","display_name":"Cretaceous","level":2,"score":0.4283996820449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.41540294885635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.3483179807662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.18640941381454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000489","descriptor_name":"Alligators and Crocodiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001717","descriptor_name":"Birds","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005426","descriptor_name":"Flight, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005580","descriptor_name":"Fossils","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012104","descriptor_name":"Reptiles","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012137","descriptor_name":"Respiratory System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012863","descriptor_name":"Skeleton","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004497&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19223979","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19223979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2637988","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2637988/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.562.8849","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.562.8849","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://college.holycross.edu/faculty/lclaesse/Claessens_etal_2009_PLoS.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7db389d770424801833ba2efbce9183e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7db389d770424801833ba2efbce9183e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 4, Iss 2, p e4497 (2009)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/10118075","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Respiratory_evolution_facilitated_the_origin_of_pterosaur_flight_and_aerial_gigantism_/10118075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/148580","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/Respiratory_Evolution_Facilitated_the_Origin_of_Pterosaur_Flight_and_Aerial_Gigantism/148580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dataset"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lra.le.ac.uk:2381/24969","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2381/24969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402365","display_name":"Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","host_organization_name":"University of Leicester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004497","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004497&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6533095415","display_name":"DISSERTATION RESEARCH: The Evolution of Breathing Mechanisms in the Archosauria","funder_award_id":"0206169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320276","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1981670163.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1981670163.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117967081","https://openalex.org/W611957016","https://openalex.org/W1195151088","https://openalex.org/W1594077233","https://openalex.org/W1630322587","https://openalex.org/W1928562184","https://openalex.org/W1965273313","https://openalex.org/W1969596295","https://openalex.org/W1991522597","https://openalex.org/W1997960336","https://openalex.org/W2001023727","https://openalex.org/W2014397128","https://openalex.org/W2041201057","https://openalex.org/W2057369577","https://openalex.org/W2062065423","https://openalex.org/W2069755929","https://openalex.org/W2075865862","https://openalex.org/W2084530278","https://openalex.org/W2090712955","https://openalex.org/W2090942749","https://openalex.org/W2091781095","https://openalex.org/W2096890040","https://openalex.org/W2102903812","https://openalex.org/W2103675893","https://openalex.org/W2109394330","https://openalex.org/W2116236228","https://openalex.org/W2118338778","https://openalex.org/W2122972566","https://openalex.org/W2123656316","https://openalex.org/W2125978497","https://openalex.org/W2130940839","https://openalex.org/W2143225053","https://openalex.org/W2153010891","https://openalex.org/W2159723914","https://openalex.org/W2167628712","https://openalex.org/W2176206385","https://openalex.org/W2212677561","https://openalex.org/W2315287591","https://openalex.org/W2342598562","https://openalex.org/W2475571413","https://openalex.org/W2487766840","https://openalex.org/W2516300966","https://openalex.org/W2730053810","https://openalex.org/W2945661936","https://openalex.org/W2989049194","https://openalex.org/W3133807848","https://openalex.org/W3140893762","https://openalex.org/W3154867777","https://openalex.org/W4245706622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127772162","https://openalex.org/W2163362562","https://openalex.org/W1922588512","https://openalex.org/W2014590374","https://openalex.org/W4413047973","https://openalex.org/W3217405659","https://openalex.org/W1965273313","https://openalex.org/W4238014689","https://openalex.org/W7098928418","https://openalex.org/W2111220108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pterosaurs,":[0],"enigmatic":[1],"extinct":[2,68],"Mesozoic":[3],"reptiles,":[4],"were":[5],"the":[6,35,45,50,86,131,164,170,173,179,188,192],"first":[7],"vertebrates":[8],"to":[9],"achieve":[10],"true":[11],"flapping":[12],"flight.":[13],"Various":[14],"lines":[15,110],"of":[16,34,49,60,75,85,97,111,126,133,147,163,181,191,194],"evidence":[17,113],"provide":[18],"strong":[19],"support":[20],"for":[21],"highly":[22,120],"efficient":[23],"wing":[24],"design,":[25],"control,":[26],"and":[27,47,63,67,77,93,95,172,187,200],"flight":[28,40],"capabilities.":[29],"However,":[30],"little":[31],"is":[32],"known":[33],"pulmonary":[36,165],"system":[37,137,168],"that":[38,114,116],"powered":[39,128],"in":[41,65,90,100,138,149,184],"pterosaurs.":[42],"We":[43],"investigated":[44],"structure":[46,62,99],"function":[48,64],"pterosaurian":[51],"breathing":[52,88,136],"apparatus":[53],"through":[54,157],"a":[55,119],"broad":[56],"scale":[57],"comparative":[58],"study":[59,96],"respiratory":[61,123,182],"living":[66],"archosaurs,":[69],"using":[70],"computer-assisted":[71],"tomographic":[72],"(CT)":[73],"scanning":[74],"pterosaur":[76,152,185],"bird":[78],"skeletal":[79,87,98,112],"remains,":[80],"cineradiographic":[81],"(X-ray":[82],"film)":[83],"studies":[84],"pump":[89],"extant":[91],"birds":[92,139],"alligators,":[94],"historic":[101],"fossil":[102],"specimens.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105],"report":[106],"we":[107],"present":[108],"various":[109],"indicate":[115],"pterosaurs":[117],"had":[118],"effective":[121],"flow-through":[122],"system,":[124],"capable":[125],"sustaining":[127],"flight,":[129],"predating":[130],"appearance":[132],"an":[134],"analogous":[135],"by":[140,161],"approximately":[141],"seventy":[142],"million":[143],"years.":[144],"Convergent":[145],"evolution":[146],"gigantism":[148],"several":[150],"Cretaceous":[151],"lineages":[153],"was":[154],"made":[155],"possible":[156],"body":[158],"density":[159],"reduction":[160],"expansion":[162],"air":[166],"sac":[167],"throughout":[169],"trunk":[171],"distal":[174],"limb":[175],"girdle":[176],"skeleton,":[177],"highlighting":[178],"importance":[180],"adaptations":[183],"evolution,":[186],"dramatic":[189],"effect":[190],"release":[193],"physical":[195],"constraints":[196],"on":[197],"morphological":[198],"diversification":[199],"evolutionary":[201],"radiation.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}