{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1981302577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","title":"Transient observers and variable constants or repelling the invasion of the Boltzmann\u2019s brains","display_name":"Transient observers and variable constants or repelling the invasion of the Boltzmann\u2019s brains","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1981302577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","mag":"1981302577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120662888","display_name":"Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics","issn_l":"1475-7508","issn":["1475-7508","1475-7516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0703115","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S Carlip","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S Carlip","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7876,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83605983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2007","issue":"06","first_page":"001","last_page":"001"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10025","display_name":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-brains","display_name":"Boltzmann brains","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation-of-fundamental-constants","display_name":"variation of fundamental constants","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmological-natural-selection","display_name":"cosmological natural selection","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer-selection","display_name":"observer selection","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-fluctuations","display_name":"quantum fluctuations","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-fluctuations","display_name":"thermal fluctuations","score":0.9169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8722000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6460999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6255999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.5738000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780573756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977433","display_name":"Wonder","level":2,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84999194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1","display_name":"Universe","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75235859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582659","display_name":"Exponential growth","level":2,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20154449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129469","display_name":"Metric expansion of space","level":4,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180188523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574576","display_name":"Exponential decay","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137002209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898521","display_name":"Hidden variable theory","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194583477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408891","display_name":"Physical law","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985906921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Spectral properties","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120662888","display_name":"Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics","issn_l":"1475-7508","issn":["1475-7508","1475-7516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/0703115","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0703115","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0703115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:1023942","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/1023942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0703115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0703115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0703115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/0703115","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0703115","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0703115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5414746046","display_name":"RESEARCH ON QUANTUM GRAVITY","funder_award_id":"FG02-91ER40674","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1981302577.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1981302577.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157743063","https://openalex.org/W1484125271","https://openalex.org/W1529718588","https://openalex.org/W1532239545","https://openalex.org/W1791725454","https://openalex.org/W1974171018","https://openalex.org/W1979287894","https://openalex.org/W1979743700","https://openalex.org/W2002993626","https://openalex.org/W2005606578","https://openalex.org/W2010896437","https://openalex.org/W2015826024","https://openalex.org/W2024946969","https://openalex.org/W2033317936","https://openalex.org/W2034059664","https://openalex.org/W2053137559","https://openalex.org/W2054160582","https://openalex.org/W2058394640","https://openalex.org/W2062154703","https://openalex.org/W2067083584","https://openalex.org/W2070549120","https://openalex.org/W2073784775","https://openalex.org/W2078744544","https://openalex.org/W2081091276","https://openalex.org/W2081144718","https://openalex.org/W2086103152","https://openalex.org/W2086939115","https://openalex.org/W2094809047","https://openalex.org/W2105790957","https://openalex.org/W2120080687","https://openalex.org/W2141005430","https://openalex.org/W2141674504","https://openalex.org/W2142309855","https://openalex.org/W2148306134","https://openalex.org/W2150658758","https://openalex.org/W2156199411","https://openalex.org/W2166569898","https://openalex.org/W2169401516","https://openalex.org/W2592538834","https://openalex.org/W2950177866","https://openalex.org/W2952188814","https://openalex.org/W3048555045","https://openalex.org/W3099306974","https://openalex.org/W3101695149","https://openalex.org/W3101765634","https://openalex.org/W3102928324","https://openalex.org/W3103427927","https://openalex.org/W3104662633","https://openalex.org/W3104766247","https://openalex.org/W4212905233","https://openalex.org/W4246610909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096589517","https://openalex.org/W2008313974","https://openalex.org/W2041326276","https://openalex.org/W7210268605","https://openalex.org/W1975560332","https://openalex.org/W7161828681","https://openalex.org/W2161802742","https://openalex.org/W4417122868","https://openalex.org/W7214654778","https://openalex.org/W2563061034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"If":[0],"the":[1,75,80],"universe":[2],"expands":[3],"exponentially":[4],"without":[5],"end,":[6],"\u2018ordinary":[7],"observers\u2019":[8],"like":[9],"ourselves":[10],"may":[11],"be":[12,65],"vastly":[13],"outnumbered":[14],"by":[15],"\u2018Boltzmann\u2019s":[16],"brains,\u2019":[17],"transient":[18],"observers":[19],"who":[20],"briefly":[21],"flicker":[22],"into":[23],"existence":[24],"as":[25],"a":[26],"result":[27],"of":[28,53,67,74,77],"quantum":[29],"or":[30],"thermal":[31],"fluctuations.":[32],"One":[33],"might":[34],"then":[35],"wonder":[36],"why":[37],"we":[38],"are":[39],"so":[40],"atypical.":[41],"I":[42],"show":[43],"that":[44,62,69],"tiny":[45],"changes":[46],"in":[47,79],"physics\u2014for":[48],"instance,":[49],"extremely":[50],"slow":[51],"variations":[52],"fundamental":[54],"constants\u2014can":[55],"drastically":[56],"change":[57],"this":[58],"result,":[59],"and":[60],"argue":[61],"one":[63],"should":[64],"wary":[66],"conclusions":[68],"rely":[70],"on":[71],"exact":[72],"knowledge":[73],"laws":[76],"physics":[78],"very":[81],"distant":[82],"future.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}