{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980973042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","title":"Parasites and the Germ Theory of Disease","display_name":"Parasites and the Germ Theory of Disease","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980973042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","mag":"1980973042","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1522158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173941","display_name":"Hospital Practice","issn_l":"0018-5809","issn":["0018-5809","2154-8331","2377-1003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hospital Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111461908","display_name":"John W. Farley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Farley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111461908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21474617,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"9","first_page":"175","last_page":"196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.6553000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.6553000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.12330000102519989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.09229999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germ-theory","display_name":"germ theory","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-parasitology","display_name":"history of parasitology","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/etiology-of-infectious-diseases","display_name":"etiology of infectious diseases","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/louis-pasteur","display_name":"Louis Pasteur","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/koch","display_name":"Koch","score":0.7480000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9250463247299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183454016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425837","display_name":"Germ theory of disease","level":2,"score":0.8255419135093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780258238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2520842","display_name":"Germ","level":2,"score":0.6837775707244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.24221089482307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.08689230680465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004199","descriptor_name":"Disease Vectors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006376","descriptor_name":"Helminths","qualifier_ui":"Q000469","qualifier_name":"parasitology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010274","descriptor_name":"Parasitology","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010274","descriptor_name":"Parasitology","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010274","descriptor_name":"Parasitology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1992.11705490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173941","display_name":"Hospital Practice","issn_l":"0018-5809","issn":["0018-5809","2154-8331","2377-1003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hospital Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1522158","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1522158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hospital practice (Office ed.)","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W563603151","https://openalex.org/W2153245973","https://openalex.org/W2567258496","https://openalex.org/W2895373101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093620374","https://openalex.org/W2053665001","https://openalex.org/W2325038492","https://openalex.org/W86747304","https://openalex.org/W2788524133","https://openalex.org/W7019291175","https://openalex.org/W649578279","https://openalex.org/W2023691613","https://openalex.org/W4210379592","https://openalex.org/W2338973842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"{":[0],"(":[1],"T*-HERE":[2],"HAS":[3],"ARISEN,":[4],"NOTED":[5],"DR.":[6],"AUGUST":[7],"HIRSCH":[8],"*":[9],"(1885,":[10],"vol.":[11],"2,":[12],"279)":[13],"in":[14,70,112,122,216,240],"his":[15,233],"Handbook":[16],"of":[17,24,29,39,62,73,77,94,100,110,129,139,150,162,197,202,209,221,238],"Geographical":[18],"and":[19,42,81,115,119,168,211],"Historical":[20],"Pathology,":[21],"a":[96,146],"prospect":[23],"adding":[25],"to":[26,33,45,48,178,181,192],"this":[27,103,170],"department":[28,32],"pathology.":[30],"The":[31,199],"which":[34,123],"he":[35,50,57],"referred":[36],"was":[37,44],"that":[38,67,88,145],"parasitic":[64,98,130,148,203],"diseases,":[56],"what":[43],"be":[46,61],"added":[47],"it,":[49],"thought,":[51],"were":[52],"infectious":[140,186],"diseases.":[141],"Such":[55],"estimated,":[58],"may":[59,132],"well":[60],"nature,":[65],"or":[66],"there":[68],"occur":[69],"them":[71],"organisms":[72,131,204],"the":[74,92,108,113,127,137,160,163,193,207,219,222,236],"lowest":[75],"rank":[76],"organic":[78],"development-the":[79],"micrococci":[80],"bacilli.":[82],"Hirsch,":[83],"like":[84],"many":[85],"others":[86],"at":[87,157,159,218,235],"time,":[89],"stood":[90],"on":[91],"brink":[93],"accepting":[95],"generalized":[97,147],"theory":[99,149,196],"disease.":[101,198],"In":[102,225],"article":[104],"I":[105,142],"will":[106],"examine":[107],"history":[109],"parasitology":[111],"nineteenth":[114,164,223],"early":[116],"twentieth":[117],"century,":[118],"suggest":[120],"ways":[121],"models":[124],"drawn":[125],"from":[126],"study":[128,201],"have":[133,179],"influenced":[134],"debates":[135],"over":[136],"etiology":[138],"shall":[143],"argue":[144],"disease":[151],"only":[152],"appeared":[153],"very":[154],"briefly,":[155],"if":[156],"all,":[158],"end":[161],"century.":[165,224],"Both":[166],"before":[167],"after":[169,242],"short":[171],"period,":[172],"those":[173,183],"who":[174,231],"studied":[175],"parasites":[176,188],"seemed":[177],"little":[180],"offer":[182],"concerned":[184],"with":[185],"diseases;":[187],"made":[189],"minimal":[190],"contributions":[191],"modern":[194],"germ":[195],"professional":[200],"long":[205],"predated":[206],"era":[208],"Pasteur":[210],"Koch;":[212],"it":[213],"began":[214,232],"essentially":[215],"Germany":[217],"beginning":[220],"1810,":[226],"for":[227],"example,":[228],"Carl":[229],"Rudolphi,":[230],"career":[234],"University":[237],"Greifswald":[239],"Sweden":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
