{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980792897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020004229","title":"The Milwaukee Voucher Experiment","display_name":"The Milwaukee Voucher Experiment","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980792897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020004229","mag":"1980792897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3102/01623737020004229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020004229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020004229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138127711","display_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","issn_l":"0162-3737","issn":["0162-3737","1935-1062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112290490","display_name":"John F. Witte","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John F. Witte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112290490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":47.1597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99805197,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"229","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13780","display_name":"Diverse Education Studies and Reforms","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13387","display_name":"Politics, Economics, and Education Policy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milwaukee-parental-choice-program","display_name":"Milwaukee Parental Choice Program","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-vouchers","display_name":"school vouchers","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-schools","display_name":"private schools","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-outcomes","display_name":"student outcomes","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-quality","display_name":"school quality","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-failure","display_name":"school failure","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-choice","display_name":"parental choice","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy-evaluation","display_name":"education policy evaluation","score":0.5730000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105458232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689044","display_name":"Voucher","level":2,"score":0.9686039686203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248822","display_name":"School choice","level":2,"score":0.5761908292770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4786856770515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44889360666275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017714297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3238833","display_name":"Private school","level":2,"score":0.4140152037143707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3971177637577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3835229277610779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.38122454285621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3808837831020355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32227349281311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1647709310054779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16210055351257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15812066197395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3102/01623737020004229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020004229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737020004229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138127711","display_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","issn_l":"0162-3737","issn":["0162-3737","1935-1062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4074000120162964}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40151501","https://openalex.org/W233047424","https://openalex.org/W627462258","https://openalex.org/W1502979571","https://openalex.org/W1544179858","https://openalex.org/W1562221660","https://openalex.org/W1570586140","https://openalex.org/W1970011788","https://openalex.org/W1973982964","https://openalex.org/W1974515888","https://openalex.org/W1982651433","https://openalex.org/W2021154534","https://openalex.org/W2023155596","https://openalex.org/W2023926806","https://openalex.org/W2026035971","https://openalex.org/W2053534753","https://openalex.org/W2064661616","https://openalex.org/W2099756352","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2122271685","https://openalex.org/W2139122730","https://openalex.org/W2144112655","https://openalex.org/W2299467264","https://openalex.org/W2492870135","https://openalex.org/W2570552439","https://openalex.org/W2798293245","https://openalex.org/W2891043401","https://openalex.org/W4230533953","https://openalex.org/W4248309661","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299684121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606311955","https://openalex.org/W2891043401","https://openalex.org/W7101016769","https://openalex.org/W2022916598","https://openalex.org/W2742009968","https://openalex.org/W7097759597","https://openalex.org/W763563127","https://openalex.org/W1497435402","https://openalex.org/W3165177912","https://openalex.org/W7097829979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"provides":[2],"a":[3,41,51,93],"summary":[4],"of":[5,8,13,44,53,68,81,95,101,135,198],"the":[6,9,14,21,25,45,54,65,77,82,96,125,137,199],"results":[7,78,126,197,206],"first":[10,22],"five":[11],"years":[12],"Milwaukee":[15],"Parental":[16],"Choice":[17],"Program,":[18],"which":[19],"was":[20],"program":[23,56,102,201],"in":[24,64,79,158,172,176,193],"United":[26],"States":[27],"to":[28,31,170,191],"allow":[29],"students":[30,69],"attend":[32],"private":[33,140],"schools":[34,141,164],"with":[35,40,92],"public":[36,138],"vouchers.":[37],"I":[38,60,74,90],"begin":[39],"brief":[42],"discussion":[43,94],"theoretical":[46],"and":[47,57,70,72,88,103,122,130,139,142,148,151,167,174,216],"research":[48],"issues.":[49],"Following":[50],"description":[52],"initial":[55],"subsequent":[58],"changes,":[59],"outline":[61],"who":[62],"participated":[63],"program\u2014including":[66],"characteristics":[67],"families":[71,168],"schools.":[73,89],"then":[75],"describe":[76],"terms":[80],"effects":[83],"on":[84,113],"families,":[85],"student":[86,144],"outcomes,":[87],"conclude":[91],"implications":[97],"for":[98,124],"this":[99,114],"type":[100],"more":[104,155],"open-ended":[105],"voucher":[106,200],"programs.":[107],"For":[108],"those":[109],"holding":[110],"extreme":[111,156],"positions":[112],"controversial":[115],"issue,":[116],"there":[117],"will":[118],"be":[119,212],"both":[120,128,136],"ammunition":[121],"frustration,":[123],"contain":[127],"positive":[129],"negative":[131],"elements.":[132],"The":[133,195],"quality":[134],"therefore":[143],"outcomes":[145],"vary":[146],"within":[147],"between":[149],"schools,":[150],"that":[152,182,203],"variance":[153],"is":[154],"than":[157],"middle-class":[159],"or":[160],"wealthy":[161],"communities.":[162],"Some":[163,178,205],"are":[165,179,188,207,218],"excellent,":[166],"fight":[169],"get":[171],"them":[173],"stay":[175],"them.":[177],"so":[180],"bad":[181],"they":[183,187],"fail":[184],"and,":[185],"if":[186],"private,":[189],"cease":[190],"exist\u2014often":[192],"mid-year.":[194],"general":[196],"follow":[202],"pattern:":[204],"clearly":[208],"positive,":[209],"some":[210],"can":[211],"interpreted":[213],"either":[214],"way,":[215],"others":[217],"negative.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
