{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980707752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","title":"Carbon Tax or Carbon Permits: The Impact on Generators\u2019 Risks","display_name":"Carbon Tax or Carbon Permits: The Impact on Generators\u2019 Risks","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980707752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","mag":"1980707752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102805530","display_name":"The Energy Journal","issn_l":"0195-6574","issn":["0195-6574","1944-9089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Energy Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730175","display_name":"Richard Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8671-8966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8671-8966","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5149-722X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["* Institute for Energy Research and Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT. Tel: +44 121 415 8216. Email: r.j.green@bham.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"* Institute for Energy Research and Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT. Tel: +44 121 415 8216. Email: r.j.green@bham.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100730175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.7574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9945858,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"3","first_page":"67","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.8633000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.8633000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.0649000033736229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12271","display_name":"Renewable energy and sustainable power systems","score":0.05460000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-tax","display_name":"carbon tax","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-trading","display_name":"emissions trading","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-permits","display_name":"carbon permits","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-generators","display_name":"generators","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-price-volatility","display_name":"fuel volatility","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-price-volatility","display_name":"electricity price volatility","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-energy","display_name":"nuclear energy","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-fuel-power-plants","display_name":"fossil fuel power plants","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio-optimization","display_name":"portfolio optimization","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uk-electricity-market","display_name":"UK electricity market","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-policy","display_name":"climate policy","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288401","display_name":"Carbon tax","level":3,"score":0.7344780564308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91602232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6574087142944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6182414889335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5609540939331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100405246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8348417","display_name":"Emissions trading","level":3,"score":0.5144503116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.49662691354751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.49493664503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.45328548550605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189560676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187906","display_name":"Profit margin","level":2,"score":0.4475930333137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.4425508677959442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4307379424571991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779200991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20681009","display_name":"Carbon price","level":3,"score":0.41301167011260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3210420608520508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.18368425965309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.17392346262931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.1249830424785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no3-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102805530","display_name":"The Energy Journal","issn_l":"0195-6574","issn":["0195-6574","1944-9089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Energy Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bir:birmec:07-02","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repec.cal.bham.ac.uk/pdf/07-02.pdf","pdf_url":"https://repec.cal.bham.ac.uk/pdf/07-02.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3122366839","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:bir:birmec:07-02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aen:journl:2008v29-03-a04","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/ejarticle.aspx?id=2269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:enejou:v:29:y:2008:i:3:p:67-90","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol29-No3-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/e2101a46-ab28-42bb-ae4d-f78318ef0dea","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/e2101a46-ab28-42bb-ae4d-f78318ef0dea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Green, R 2008, 'Carbon Tax or Carbon Permits: The Impact on Generators' Risks', The Energy Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 67-89.","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519815899","https://openalex.org/W1525260320","https://openalex.org/W1567309148","https://openalex.org/W1910693788","https://openalex.org/W2030101862","https://openalex.org/W2040126491","https://openalex.org/W2047531301","https://openalex.org/W2050246019","https://openalex.org/W2067673416","https://openalex.org/W2083705053","https://openalex.org/W2093773306","https://openalex.org/W2111104700","https://openalex.org/W2115601368","https://openalex.org/W2134722507","https://openalex.org/W2137851440","https://openalex.org/W2158981043","https://openalex.org/W2163884891","https://openalex.org/W2245457519","https://openalex.org/W2768558193","https://openalex.org/W3123545202","https://openalex.org/W3124274640","https://openalex.org/W4234067900","https://openalex.org/W4242709722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096079836","https://openalex.org/W2113169793","https://openalex.org/W2100018616","https://openalex.org/W2245457519","https://openalex.org/W2990958360","https://openalex.org/W3030941259","https://openalex.org/W4404699267","https://openalex.org/W2159822936","https://openalex.org/W4389924390","https://openalex.org/W4365392835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Volatile":[0],"fuel":[1,52,99],"prices":[2,47],"affect":[3],"both":[4],"the":[5,17,60,79,87],"cost":[6],"and":[7,72],"price":[8],"of":[9,62,108],"electricity":[10],"in":[11,81],"a":[12,73,105,112],"liberalized":[13],"market.":[14],"Generators":[15],"with":[16,30,36],"price-setting":[18],"technology":[19],"will":[20],"face":[21],"less":[22],"risk":[23],"to":[24,50],"their":[25],"profit":[26],"margins":[27],"than":[28],"those":[29,40],"costs":[31,41],"that":[32,95],"are":[33,42],"not":[34,43],"correlated":[35],"price,":[37],"even":[38],"if":[39,111],"volatile.":[44],"Emissions":[45],"permit":[46],"may":[48],"respond":[49],"relative":[51],"prices,":[53],"further":[54],"increasing":[55],"volatility.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"simulates":[59],"impact":[61],"this":[63],"on":[64],"generators\u2019":[65],"profits,":[66],"comparing":[67],"an":[68],"emissions":[69],"trading":[70],"scheme":[71],"carbon":[74,84,113],"tax":[75,85,114],"against":[76],"predictions":[77],"for":[78],"UK":[80],"2020.":[82],"The":[83],"reduces":[86],"volatility":[88],"faced":[89,96],"by":[90,97],"nuclear":[91,109],"generators,":[92],"but":[93],"raises":[94],"fossil":[98],"stations.":[100],"Optimal":[101],"portfolios":[102],"would":[103],"contain":[104],"higher":[106],"proportion":[107],"plant":[110],"was":[115],"adopted.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
