{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980700706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","title":"Mycobacterium avium Complex in the Respiratory or Gastrointestinal Tract and the Risk of M. avium Complex Bacteremia in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","display_name":"Mycobacterium avium Complex in the Respiratory or Gastrointestinal Tract and the Risk of M. avium Complex Bacteremia in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980700706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","mag":"1980700706","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7906290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54542293","display_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0022-1899","issn":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113740153","display_name":"D P Chin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. P. Chin","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112270738","display_name":"Philip C. Hopewell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. C. Hopewell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040437929","display_name":"D M Yajko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. M. Yajko","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040530822","display_name":"Eric Vittinghoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-0920","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-0920"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Vittinghoff","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084570185","display_name":"Charles Robert Horsburgh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-7895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-7895"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. R. Horsburgh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091194676","display_name":"W. KEITH HADLEY","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. K. Hadley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113548083","display_name":"E. N. Stone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. N. Stone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064449628","display_name":"PATRICIA S. NASSOS","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. S. Nassos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036557160","display_name":"Ostroff Sm","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. M. Ostroff","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. A. Jacobson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. Jacobson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010643192","display_name":"C. Chantal Matkin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. C. Matkin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070223036","display_name":"Art L Reingold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-2901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-2901"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. L. Reingold","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113740153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"],"apc_list":{"value":4763,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4763},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":147,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99427634,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"169","issue":"2","first_page":"289","last_page":"295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11316","display_name":"Mycobacterium research and diagnosis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11316","display_name":"Mycobacterium research and diagnosis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12317","display_name":"Actinomycetales infections and treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12824","display_name":"Infections and bacterial resistance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-avium-complex","display_name":"Mycobacterium avium complex","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacteremia","display_name":"bacteremia","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-count","display_name":"CD4 count","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-tract-colonization","display_name":"respiratory tract colonization","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-tract-colonization","display_name":"gastrointestinal tract colonization","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stool-culture","display_name":"stool culture","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"sensitivity and specificity","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screening-test","display_name":"screening test","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunistic-mycobacterial-infection","display_name":"opportunistic mycobacterial infection","score":0.7620000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779443120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650912","display_name":"Bacteremia","level":3,"score":0.8002065420150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781455004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3311330","display_name":"Mycobacterium avium complex","level":2,"score":0.7627094984054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779644171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13400765","display_name":"Respiratory tract","level":3,"score":0.5954020023345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780512811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11829360","display_name":"Gastrointestinal tract","level":2,"score":0.5495081543922424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.5345040559768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775961462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6946984","display_name":"Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection","level":4,"score":0.5204896330833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909201284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835718","display_name":"AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections","level":5,"score":0.5116272568702698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.4807705283164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.4769367575645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776012195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754447","display_name":"Respiratory tract infections","level":3,"score":0.4417564868927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.43381303548812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.43324556946754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780374374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194309","display_name":"Mycobacterium","level":3,"score":0.4251851737499237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311463","display_name":"Sida","level":4,"score":0.4172615110874176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4126984477043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.3981792628765106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3634869158267975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780727368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928978","display_name":"Viral disease","level":3,"score":0.35263970494270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.18602702021598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1432127058506012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.1425410807132721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.12340861558914185}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005767","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005767","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007958","descriptor_name":"Leukocyte Count","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012140","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012140","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015269","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium avium Complex","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015270","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015270","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015496","descriptor_name":"CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015993","descriptor_name":"Life Tables","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.2.289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54542293","display_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0022-1899","issn":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7906290","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7906290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of infectious diseases","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588602846","https://openalex.org/W1589701582","https://openalex.org/W1976337108","https://openalex.org/W1993412905","https://openalex.org/W2038424601","https://openalex.org/W2072767714","https://openalex.org/W2133543557","https://openalex.org/W2136883754","https://openalex.org/W2147466355","https://openalex.org/W2150290224","https://openalex.org/W2166785990","https://openalex.org/W2314203359","https://openalex.org/W2341862408","https://openalex.org/W2411342080","https://openalex.org/W2418166353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974193793","https://openalex.org/W1717264974","https://openalex.org/W2147466355","https://openalex.org/W7020956230","https://openalex.org/W1552252961","https://openalex.org/W2024112349","https://openalex.org/W2108799638","https://openalex.org/W2012840311","https://openalex.org/W4387248321","https://openalex.org/W2904131723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mycobacterium":[0],"avium":[1],"complex":[2],"(MAC)":[3],"is":[4,40],"frequently":[5],"isolated":[6],"from":[7],"the":[8,76,138],"respiratory":[9,35,77,95,110,139],"or":[10,37,51,78,140],"gastrointestinal":[11,79,97,141],"tract":[12,36,80,111,142],"of":[13,28,34,61,153],"patients":[14,48,71,134],"with":[15,49,72,135],"advanced":[16],"human":[17],"immunodeficiency":[18],"virus":[19],"(HIV)":[20],"infection.":[21],"Whether":[22],"they":[23],"are":[24,45,143],"at":[25,144],"increased":[26],"risk":[27,60,147],"MAC":[29,62,73,88,136,150],"bacteremia":[30,44,63],"and":[31,81,96,100,106,113,120],"whether":[32],"culture":[33,115,152],"stool":[38,114],"specimens":[39],"useful":[41],"for":[42,70,85,94,130,148],"predicting":[43],"unclear.":[46],"HIV-infected":[47,133],"<":[50],"=":[52],"50":[53],"CD4+":[54],"cells/microL":[55],"were":[56],"prospectively":[57],"studied.":[58],"The":[59],"was":[64,82],"approximately":[65],"60%":[66],"within":[67],"1":[68],"year":[69],"in":[74,89,137],"either":[75],"greater":[83],"than":[84],"those":[86],"without":[87],"these":[90,154],"sites":[91,155],"(relative":[92],"hazards":[93],"tract,":[98],"2.3":[99],"6.0;":[101],"95%":[102],"confidence":[103],"intervals,":[104],"1.1-4.6":[105],"2.5-14.6,":[107],"respectively).":[108],"Both":[109],"specimen":[112],"had":[116],"poor":[117],"sensitivities":[118],"(22%":[119],"20%,":[121],"respectively)":[122],"but":[123],"good":[124],"positive":[125],"predictive":[126],"values":[127],"(approximately":[128],"60%)":[129],"bacteremia.":[131],"Symptomatic":[132],"a":[145,160],"substantial":[146],"developing":[149],"bacteremia;":[151],"has":[156],"limited":[157],"usefulness":[158],"as":[159],"screening":[161],"test.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}