{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980615104","doi":null,"title":"Locating and reducing translation difficulty","display_name":"Locating and reducing translation difficulty","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980615104","mag":"1980615104"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:8629","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","pdf_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402372","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070135550","display_name":"Rebecca Hwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-7014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-7014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Hwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-7014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037819690","display_name":"Behrang Mohit","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behrang Mohit","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation-challenges","display_name":"translation problems","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-machine-translation","display_name":"statistical machine translation","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-customization","display_name":"system customization","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-english-translation","display_name":"Arabic-English translation","score":0.8569999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8395072221755981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7968087196350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6847745180130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6703733205795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6092045307159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.5841215252876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5602056384086609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130597682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","level":4,"score":0.5543854236602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.5496925711631775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5452970862388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.5140372514724731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4448431432247162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.42820677161216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.42102521657943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1077968180179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:8629","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","pdf_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402372","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"mag:1980615104","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:8629","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","pdf_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8629/1/MohitBehrang2010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402372","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980615104.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980615104.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23077562","https://openalex.org/W119893497","https://openalex.org/W132913264","https://openalex.org/W222053410","https://openalex.org/W1489525520","https://openalex.org/W1498238796","https://openalex.org/W1576520375","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1741471566","https://openalex.org/W1987879674","https://openalex.org/W1990845847","https://openalex.org/W2048978997","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2076723282","https://openalex.org/W2100719658","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2103288873","https://openalex.org/W2103361667","https://openalex.org/W2108892043","https://openalex.org/W2109664771","https://openalex.org/W2110417778","https://openalex.org/W2116042738","https://openalex.org/W2117339222","https://openalex.org/W2126118742","https://openalex.org/W2133512280","https://openalex.org/W2135161317","https://openalex.org/W2136332941","https://openalex.org/W2136925175","https://openalex.org/W2138242477","https://openalex.org/W2139989135","https://openalex.org/W2140982523","https://openalex.org/W2144746247","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2151374522","https://openalex.org/W2153804780","https://openalex.org/W2154486363","https://openalex.org/W2156985047","https://openalex.org/W2158884131","https://openalex.org/W2160001241","https://openalex.org/W2161446454","https://openalex.org/W2163582407","https://openalex.org/W2171119909","https://openalex.org/W2356613612","https://openalex.org/W2758054112","https://openalex.org/W2977064969","https://openalex.org/W3201843452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110417778","https://openalex.org/W6979263780","https://openalex.org/W7098869006","https://openalex.org/W4399500320","https://openalex.org/W3190668641","https://openalex.org/W2252049613","https://openalex.org/W7100986742","https://openalex.org/W3164951017","https://openalex.org/W1575202739","https://openalex.org/W2739958569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"challenge":[1],"of":[2,14,37,78,84,96,112,121,148,173],"translation":[3,47,77,83,111,129,147,155,167,177],"varies":[4],"from":[5],"one":[6],"sentence":[7],"to":[8,64,182],"another,":[9],"or":[10],"even":[11],"between":[12],"phrases":[13,88],"a":[15,38,50,73,105,139],"sentence.":[16],"We":[17],"investigate":[18],"whether":[19],"variations":[20],"in":[21],"difficulty":[22,43,106,168],"can":[23,179],"be":[24,180],"located":[25],"automatically":[26],"for":[27,53,72,118,145,175],"Statistical":[28],"Machine":[29],"Translation":[30],"(SMT).":[31],"Furthermore,":[32],"we":[33,99,114,137,164],"hypothesize":[34],"that":[35,71,142,157,166],"customization":[36,116,160],"SMT":[39,123],"system":[40,159],"based":[41],"on":[42,61,153],"information,":[44],"improves":[45,81],"the":[46,62,76,79,82,85,92,110,122,146],"quality.We":[48],"assume":[49],"binary":[51],"categorization":[52],"phrases:":[54],"easy":[55],"vs.":[56],"difficult.":[57],"Our":[58,68,151],"focus":[59],"is":[60,143,161,169],"Difficult":[63],"Translate":[65],"Phrases":[66],"(DTPs).":[67],"experiments":[69,152],"show":[70,156],"sentence,":[74,98],"improving":[75],"DTP":[80],"surrounding":[86],"non-difficult":[87],"too.":[89],"To":[90,108],"locate":[91],"most":[93],"difficult":[94,149],"phrase":[95],"each":[97,135],"use":[100],"machine":[101,176],"learning":[102],"and":[103,178],"construct":[104,138],"classifier.":[107],"improve":[109],"DTPs,":[113],"introduce":[115],"methods":[117],"three":[119],"components":[120],"system:":[124],"I.":[125],"language":[126],"model;":[127,130],"II.":[128],"III.":[131],"decoding":[132],"weights.":[133],"With":[134],"method,":[136],"new":[140],"component":[141],"dedicated":[144],"phrases.":[150],"Arabic-to-English":[154],"DTP-specific":[158],"mostly":[162],"successful.Overall,":[163],"demonstrate":[165],"an":[170],"important":[171],"source":[172],"information":[174],"used":[181],"enhance":[183],"its":[184],"performance.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}