{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980595100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/176778","title":"The Neutron Star and Black Hole Initial Mass Function","display_name":"The Neutron Star and Black Hole Initial Mass Function","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980595100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/176778","mag":"1980595100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/176778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/176778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/176778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9510136","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"F. X. Timmes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. X. Timmes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. E. Woosley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. E. Woosley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas A. Weaver","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas A. Weaver","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7653,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":404,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98605232,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"457","issue":null,"first_page":"834","last_page":"834"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.09220000356435776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-ii-supernovae","display_name":"Type II supernovae","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-ib-supernovae","display_name":"Type Ib supernovae","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-chemical-evolution","display_name":"galactic chemical evolution","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-burning","display_name":"carbon burning","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accretion-induced-collapse","display_name":"accretion-induced collapse","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-star-mass","display_name":"neutron star mass","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-hole-formation","display_name":"black hole formation","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.8234000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192887742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202","display_name":"Neutron star","level":2,"score":0.7642999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105500671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047034","display_name":"Stellar black hole","level":3,"score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127592171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3937","display_name":"Supernova","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3756855","display_name":"Accretion (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189159749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194026","display_name":"Initial mass function","level":4,"score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168589115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079618","display_name":"Stellar mass","level":4,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177786621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269733","display_name":"X-ray burster","level":5,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170886286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748327","display_name":"Stellar collision","level":4,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110472602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472","display_name":"Stellar evolution","level":3,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137179401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961","display_name":"X-ray binary","level":3,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555520305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321","display_name":"Milky Way","level":3,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5788528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042750","display_name":"Stellar mass loss","level":4,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18609725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050633","display_name":"Intermediate-mass black hole","level":4,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18444321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368442","display_name":"Compact star","level":3,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134222618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2713132","display_name":"Mass distribution","level":3,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778339168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207436","display_name":"Supernova remnant","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56956389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3450","display_name":"Main sequence","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107229949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285033","display_name":"r-process","level":4,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30424772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285924","display_name":"Gamma-ray burst progenitors","level":5,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/176778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/176778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/176778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9510136","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9510136","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9510136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:298658","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/298658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9510136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9510136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9510136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9510136","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9510136","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9510136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980595100.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980595100.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584026990","https://openalex.org/W1617764723","https://openalex.org/W2498126760","https://openalex.org/W3043100855","https://openalex.org/W3196323104","https://openalex.org/W4297581658"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098045987","https://openalex.org/W1653825848","https://openalex.org/W7203883271","https://openalex.org/W3102101645","https://openalex.org/W4405253273","https://openalex.org/W4407988684","https://openalex.org/W2039003831","https://openalex.org/W4410429797","https://openalex.org/W2999781515","https://openalex.org/W7133329313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"recently":[1],"calculated":[2],"models":[3,55,343],"for":[4,14,40,104,147,153,339,347],"massive":[5,115],"stellar":[6],"evolution":[7],"and":[8,20,29,66,69,77,101,130,166,184,190,206,268,276,285,344,362],"supernovae":[9],"coupled":[10],"to":[11,209,240,270],"a":[12,33,90,232,297,363],"model":[13],"Galactic":[15],"chemical":[16],"evolution,":[17],"neutron":[18,27,135,203,219,283,333,357],"star":[19,204,220,314,334],"black":[21,30,141,286,367],"hole":[22,142],"birth":[23,57],"functions":[24,58],"(number":[25],"of":[26,35,75,93,127,133,163,195,216,231,244,259,264,278,282,301,366],"stars":[28,47,82,136,164,173,284,321,358],"holes":[31,287],"as":[32,50,85],"function":[34,236],"their":[36,255],"mass)":[37],"are":[38,60,237,274,291,354],"determined":[39],"the":[41,54,96,113,124,128,131,148,157,160,170,191,196,210,217,229,242,245,249,265,271,279,289,311,323,328,340,348],"Milky":[42],"Way":[43],"galaxy.":[44],"For":[45,80],"those":[46,73,179],"that":[48,59,83,174,180],"explode":[49,84],"Type":[51,86,116,154,188,197,341,349],"II":[52,117,155,342],"supernovae,":[53,118],"give":[56,296],"bimodal":[61],"with":[62,201],"peaks":[63,74,247],"at":[64],"1.27":[65,302],"1.76":[67],"Msun":[68,325,338,346],"average":[70,97,218],"masses":[71,152],"within":[72],"1.28":[76],"1.73":[78],"M0.":[79],"these":[81],"Ib":[87,350],"there":[88,353],"is":[89,156,336],"narrower":[91],"spread":[92],"remnant":[94,151],"masses,":[95,205],"being":[98],"1.32":[99],"Msun,":[100,169,303],"less":[102,182],"evidence":[103],"bimodality.":[105],"These":[106],"values":[107],"will":[108,319],"be":[109,138],"increased,":[110],"especially":[111],"in":[112,150,159,207,222,228,248,261,288,322,359],"more":[114],"if":[119,308],"significant":[120],"accretion":[121,309],"continues":[122],"during":[123],"initial":[125,234],"launching":[126],"shock,":[129],"number":[132,281,365],"heavier":[134],"could":[137,306],"depleted":[139],"by":[140],"formation.":[143],"The":[144,187,331],"principal":[145],"reason":[146],"dichotomy":[149],"difference":[158],"presupernova":[161],"structure":[162],"above":[165],"below":[167],"19":[168],"mass":[171,193,221,235,266,300,318],"separating":[172],"burn":[175,185],"carbon":[176,183],"convectively":[177],"from":[178],"produce":[181],"radiatively.":[186],"Ib's":[189],"lower":[192],"group":[194],"II's":[198],"compare":[199],"favorably":[200],"measured":[202],"particular":[208,262],"Thorsett":[211],"et":[212],"al.":[213],"(1993)":[214],"determination":[215],"17":[223],"systems":[224],"1.35\u00b10.27":[225],"Msun.":[226],"Variations":[227],"exponent":[230],"Salpeter":[233],"shown":[238],"not":[239],"affect":[241,254],"locations":[243],"two":[246],"distribution":[250],"function,":[251],"but":[252],"do":[253],"relative":[256],"amplitudes.":[257],"Sources":[258],"uncertainty,":[260],"placement":[263],"cut":[267],"sensitivity":[269],"explosion":[272],"energy,":[273],"discussed,":[275],"estimates":[277],"total":[280],"Galaxy":[290,361],"given.":[292],"Accretion-induced":[293],"collapse":[294],"should":[295],"unique":[298],"gravitational":[299],"although":[304],"this":[305],"increase":[307],"onto":[310],"newly":[312],"formed":[313],"continues.":[315],"A":[316],"similar":[317],"typify":[320],"8-11":[324],"range":[326],"(e.g.,":[327],"Crab":[329],"pulsar).":[330],"lightest":[332],"produced":[335],"1.15":[337],"1.22":[345],"models.":[351],"Altogether":[352],"about":[355],"109":[356],"our":[360],"comparable":[364],"holes.":[368]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
