{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980578404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","title":"Comparison of Ensemble Kalman Filters under Non-Gaussianity","display_name":"Comparison of Ensemble Kalman Filters under Non-Gaussianity","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980578404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","mag":"1980578404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/138/4/2009mwr3133.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90791864","display_name":"Monthly Weather Review","issn_l":"0027-0644","issn":["0027-0644","1520-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Weather Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/138/4/2009mwr3133.1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jing Lei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025311999","display_name":"Peter J. Bickel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-662X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-662X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Bickel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067228362","display_name":"Chris Snyder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2257-9776","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2257-9776"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107766831","display_name":"NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05cvfcr44","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107766831","https://openalex.org/I1311060795","https://openalex.org/I2799356940","https://openalex.org/I4210141337","https://openalex.org/I4210150888"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107766831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.548,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80287777,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"138","issue":"4","first_page":"1293","last_page":"1306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9164999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9164999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.06669999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-kalman-filter","display_name":"ensemble Kalman filter","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-gaussianity","display_name":"non-Gaussianity","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-error","display_name":"model error","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter-stability","display_name":"filter stability","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outliers","display_name":"outliers","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"data assimilation","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.8550300002098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79334102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072268","display_name":"Ensemble Kalman filter","level":4,"score":0.7753635048866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7013546228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.6523274779319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5322957038879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4836500883102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4725351631641388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11577676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134237","display_name":"Square root","level":2,"score":0.46219876408576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150679823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5436946","display_name":"Fast Kalman filter","level":4,"score":0.4493640959262848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4426560401916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4376617968082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43311771750450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.431708425283432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.41949188709259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35847151279449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3431650400161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.30931928753852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11181223392486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1050443947315216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10367706418037415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/138/4/2009mwr3133.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90791864","display_name":"Monthly Weather Review","issn_l":"0027-0644","issn":["0027-0644","1520-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Weather Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.167.4024","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.167.4024","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/%7Ejinglei/LeiBS09_EnKF_Comp_rev.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3133.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/138/4/2009mwr3133.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90791864","display_name":"Monthly Weather Review","issn_l":"0027-0644","issn":["0027-0644","1520-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Weather Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7548202995","display_name":"Construction and Analysis of Methods for Making Appropriate Use of Low Dimensional Structure in Data and Models When Apparent Dimension is Very High","funder_award_id":"0605236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308377","display_name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05cvfcr44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980578404.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980578404.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513036161","https://openalex.org/W1522319528","https://openalex.org/W1648093232","https://openalex.org/W1970847893","https://openalex.org/W1980731225","https://openalex.org/W1985356676","https://openalex.org/W1987308763","https://openalex.org/W2009104157","https://openalex.org/W2012712694","https://openalex.org/W2042151453","https://openalex.org/W2084913894","https://openalex.org/W2129835183","https://openalex.org/W2141394518","https://openalex.org/W2147119488","https://openalex.org/W2150052759","https://openalex.org/W2157098139","https://openalex.org/W2161358768","https://openalex.org/W2174105915","https://openalex.org/W2174784159","https://openalex.org/W2176150232","https://openalex.org/W2179584279","https://openalex.org/W2180946617","https://openalex.org/W7052421801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099041396","https://openalex.org/W2158968034","https://openalex.org/W7100599700","https://openalex.org/W2729202261","https://openalex.org/W2117009567","https://openalex.org/W7099405081","https://openalex.org/W4404420948","https://openalex.org/W4391302965","https://openalex.org/W2141918307","https://openalex.org/W4221059097"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recently":[1],"various":[2],"versions":[3,28],"of":[4,25,29,44,61,84,124],"ensemble":[5,34],"Kalman":[6,132],"filters":[7],"(EnKFs)":[8],"have":[9],"been":[10],"proposed":[11],"and":[12,69,76],"studied.":[13],"This":[14],"work":[15],"concerns,":[16],"in":[17,128],"a":[18,59,121,125],"mathematically":[19],"rigorous":[20],"manner,":[21],"the":[22,32,42,45,53,62,65,82,85,89,97,129],"relative":[23],"performance":[24],"two":[26],"major":[27],"EnKF":[30],"when":[31,104],"forecast":[33],"is":[35,39,92],"non-Gaussian.":[36],"The":[37],"approach":[38],"based":[40],"on":[41],"stability":[43],"filtering":[46],"methods":[47],"against":[48],"small":[49],"model":[50],"violations,":[51],"using":[52],"expected":[54],"squared":[55],"L2":[56],"distance":[57],"as":[58],"measure":[60],"deviation":[63],"between":[64],"updated":[66],"distributions.":[67],"Analytical":[68],"experimental":[70],"results":[71,110],"suggest":[72,120],"that":[73],"both":[74],"stochastic":[75,90],"deterministic":[77,98],"EnKFs":[78],"are":[79,106],"sensitive":[80],"to":[81],"violation":[83],"Gaussian":[86],"assumption,":[87],"while":[88],"filter":[91,99,133],"relatively":[93],"more":[94],"stable":[95],"than":[96],"under":[100],"certain":[101],"circumstances,":[102],"especially":[103],"there":[105],"wild":[107],"outliers.":[108],"These":[109],"not":[111],"only":[112],"agree":[113],"with":[114],"previous":[115],"empirical":[116],"studies,":[117],"but":[118],"also":[119],"natural":[122],"choice":[123],"free":[126],"parameter":[127],"square":[130],"root":[131],"algorithm.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}