{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980219677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","title":"Learning in an instructionless environment","display_name":"Learning in an instructionless environment","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980219677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","mag":"1980219677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/800045.801616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/800045.801616","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607743","display_name":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '83","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/800045.801616","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037249015","display_name":"Jeff Shrager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-6305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-6305"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Shrager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103376521","display_name":"David Klahr","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Klahr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"226","last_page":"229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.33230000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.33230000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.15639999508857727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11466","display_name":"Innovative Education and Learning Practices","score":0.11760000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-learning","display_name":"self-directed learning","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothesis-generation","display_name":"hypothesis generation","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experiments","display_name":"experimentation","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"calibration","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"replication","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploration","display_name":"exploration","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination","display_name":"discrimination","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogical-reasoning","display_name":"analogical reasoning","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"inference","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521332185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogy","level":2,"score":0.7687498331069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6762310266494751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6626161336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6306406855583191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4848124086856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48146405816078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47962912917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4700393080711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4207385778427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33785030245780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.12809422612190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11459919810295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10407334566116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0831906795501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/800045.801616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/800045.801616","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607743","display_name":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '83","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/800045.801616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800045.801616","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/800045.801616","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607743","display_name":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '83","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980219677.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980219677.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528369519","https://openalex.org/W1537485554","https://openalex.org/W1986230825","https://openalex.org/W2064625566","https://openalex.org/W2080274537","https://openalex.org/W2083633946","https://openalex.org/W2115704439","https://openalex.org/W2118888533","https://openalex.org/W2575967559","https://openalex.org/W2912944677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984450253","https://openalex.org/W1976243137","https://openalex.org/W235248940","https://openalex.org/W73181526","https://openalex.org/W57889612","https://openalex.org/W3164465899","https://openalex.org/W7073546088","https://openalex.org/W2903838623","https://openalex.org/W3159020453","https://openalex.org/W2625072115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,32],"an":[1,41],"instructionless":[2],"environment,":[3],"there":[4],"are":[5],"neither":[6],"teachers":[7],"nor":[8],"books.":[9],"The":[10],"only":[11],"feedback":[12],"comes":[13],"from":[14,22,27],"interaction":[15],"with":[16],"the":[17,24,30,44],"target.":[18,45],"All":[19],"information":[20],"appears":[21],"within":[23],"subject":[25],"or":[26,51],"observation":[28],"of":[29,43,59],"environment.":[31],"this":[33],"setting,":[34],"subjects":[35],"rely":[36],"upon":[37],"experimentation":[38],"to":[39],"develop":[40],"understanding":[42],"They":[46],"form":[47],"hypotheses":[48,56],"by":[49],"analogy":[50],"inference":[52],"and":[53,64],"test":[54],"these":[55],"via":[57],"experiments":[58],"calibration,":[60],"replication,":[61],"confirmation,":[62],"exploration,":[63],"discrimination.":[65]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}