{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1979900561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","title":"Trading arms for hostages? How the government and print media \u201cspin\u201d portrayals of the United States' policy toward Iran","display_name":"Trading arms for hostages? How the government and print media \u201cspin\u201d portrayals of the United States' policy toward Iran","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1979900561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","mag":"1979900561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27211427","display_name":"Political Communication","issn_l":"1058-4609","issn":["1058-4609","1091-7675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038684364","display_name":"William J. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-092X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-092X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153338809","display_name":"Regent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jhyq802","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William J. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Regent University","Regent University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Regent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Regent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109127988","display_name":"Richard C. Vincent","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331384533","display_name":"University of Hawaii System","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzaeb71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard C. Vincent","raw_affiliation_strings":["b University of Hawaii , Honolulu","University of Hawaii, Honolulu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b University of Hawaii , Honolulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3746,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95297411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"65","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13625","display_name":"Journalism and Media Studies","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-iran-relations","display_name":"US-Iran relations","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reagan-administration-foreign-policy","display_name":"Reagan administration foreign policy","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/print-media-coverage","display_name":"print media coverage","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-framing","display_name":"news framing","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-opinion","display_name":"public opinion","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hostage-crisis","display_name":"hostage crisis","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-war","display_name":"Gulf War","score":0.9279999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6482704877853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.581728458404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.428882896900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020105747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11118951","display_name":"Media coverage","level":2,"score":0.41928917169570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.37156790494918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.33554136753082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31959694623947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2843622863292694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.092017263174057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1995.9963055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27211427","display_name":"Political Communication","issn_l":"1058-4609","issn":["1058-4609","1091-7675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W373394386","https://openalex.org/W385164485","https://openalex.org/W566375259","https://openalex.org/W569173017","https://openalex.org/W571466868","https://openalex.org/W589749542","https://openalex.org/W589806751","https://openalex.org/W627474593","https://openalex.org/W627977585","https://openalex.org/W628704906","https://openalex.org/W645296121","https://openalex.org/W1553096721","https://openalex.org/W1553378857","https://openalex.org/W1554626463","https://openalex.org/W1554632219","https://openalex.org/W1604166575","https://openalex.org/W1968593776","https://openalex.org/W1971671729","https://openalex.org/W1971765917","https://openalex.org/W1972421324","https://openalex.org/W1983981633","https://openalex.org/W1985174771","https://openalex.org/W2001494409","https://openalex.org/W2002664886","https://openalex.org/W2008444575","https://openalex.org/W2010719428","https://openalex.org/W2016676871","https://openalex.org/W2025444774","https://openalex.org/W2028359192","https://openalex.org/W2033716624","https://openalex.org/W2035381879","https://openalex.org/W2035742089","https://openalex.org/W2046282893","https://openalex.org/W2046989533","https://openalex.org/W2053341193","https://openalex.org/W2057341050","https://openalex.org/W2059069336","https://openalex.org/W2064678881","https://openalex.org/W2065570843","https://openalex.org/W2066659217","https://openalex.org/W2079464944","https://openalex.org/W2083771810","https://openalex.org/W2092637175","https://openalex.org/W2113232934","https://openalex.org/W2113634246","https://openalex.org/W2120999383","https://openalex.org/W2133943399","https://openalex.org/W2145341966","https://openalex.org/W2149355000","https://openalex.org/W2150957645","https://openalex.org/W2153110384","https://openalex.org/W2159479085","https://openalex.org/W2176255544","https://openalex.org/W2318346802","https://openalex.org/W2322071070","https://openalex.org/W2326718435","https://openalex.org/W2499551474","https://openalex.org/W2605672659","https://openalex.org/W2793093550","https://openalex.org/W2795444186","https://openalex.org/W2796702236","https://openalex.org/W2917995181","https://openalex.org/W3123849105","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4392990961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407422510","https://openalex.org/W6955291484","https://openalex.org/W4241262989","https://openalex.org/W3035926090","https://openalex.org/W7171803033","https://openalex.org/W2493026158","https://openalex.org/W656387277","https://openalex.org/W2982052662","https://openalex.org/W4246487571","https://openalex.org/W98935529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,37],"relationship":[1],"between":[2],"the":[3,17,22,35,45,50,56,87,96,99,113,120,135,145],"United":[4,114],"States":[5],"and":[6,40,55,82],"Iran":[7,118],"has":[8],"had":[9],"an":[10,27,124],"important":[11,65],"influence":[12],"on":[13],"world":[14],"affairs":[15],"during":[16,92],"past":[18],"two":[19],"decades.":[20],"Accordingly,":[21],"U.S.":[23,74],"news":[24],"media":[25,66,84,101],"have":[26,69],"instrumental":[28],"role":[29],"in":[30,144],"portraying":[31],"U.S.\u2010Iran":[32,90],"relations":[33],"to":[34],"public.":[36],"Iranian":[38],"Revolution":[39],"hostage":[41],"crisis":[42],"of":[43,48,53,60,64,86,112,147],"1979\u20131981,":[44],"TWA":[46],"hijacking":[47],"1985,":[49],"Irangate":[51],"controversy":[52],"1986\u20131987,":[54],"Persian":[57],"Gulf":[58],"War":[59],"1990\u20131991":[61],"are":[62],"examples":[63],"events":[67],"that":[68,98],"impacted":[70],"public":[71],"opinion":[72],"regarding":[73],"policy":[75,91,116],"toward":[76,117],"Iran.":[77],"This":[78],"research":[79],"analyzes":[80],"government":[81],"print":[83,100],"portrayals":[85,111],"Reagan":[88],"administration's":[89],"Irangate.":[93],"Results":[94],"supported":[95],"prediction":[97],"would":[102],"fulfill":[103],"their":[104],"\u201cwatchdog\u201d":[105],"function":[106],"by":[107,128],"providing":[108],"more":[109],"critical":[110],"States'":[115],"than":[119],"Tower":[121],"Commission":[122],"Report,":[123],"investigative":[125],"document":[126],"published":[127],"President":[129],"Reagan's":[130],"Special":[131],"Review":[132],"Board.":[133],"Among":[134],"three":[136],"leading":[137],"newspapers":[138],"analyzed,":[139],"there":[140],"was":[141],"significant":[142],"diversity":[143],"reporting":[146],"U.S.\u2010...":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}