{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978905053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090704","title":"Partitioning the Energetics of Walking and Running: Swinging the Limbs Is Expensive","display_name":"Partitioning the Energetics of Walking and Running: Swinging the Limbs Is Expensive","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978905053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090704","mag":"1978905053","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14704426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1090704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026876827","display_name":"Richard L. Marsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-9890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-9890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard L. Marsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022046589","display_name":"David J. Ellerby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4045-0201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4045-0201"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David J. Ellerby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","1 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059364295","display_name":"Jennifer A. Carr","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer A. Carr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","1 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059845277","display_name":"Havalee T. Henry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-7033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-7033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Havalee T. Henry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","1 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081605605","display_name":"Cindy I. Buchanan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cindy I. Buchanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","2 Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2 Department of Physical Therapy, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022046589","https://openalex.org/A5026876827"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":246,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99283134,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"303","issue":"5654","first_page":"80","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.3984000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.3984000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10879","display_name":"Robotic Locomotion and Control","score":0.17139999568462372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11056","display_name":"Physiological and biochemical adaptations","score":0.16380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locomotor-energetics","display_name":"locomotion energetics","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking","display_name":"walking","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/running","display_name":"running","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guinea-fowl","display_name":"guinea fowl","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legged-locomotion","display_name":"legged locomotion","score":0.8619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97514900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719597","display_name":"Energetics","level":2,"score":0.9320275783538818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65655974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14867674","display_name":"Swing","level":2,"score":0.676296591758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992768293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623293","display_name":"Metabolic rate","level":2,"score":0.559213399887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909895380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171953","display_name":"Guinea fowl","level":2,"score":0.5203782320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206815995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341307","display_name":"Energy flow","level":3,"score":0.4734470546245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986317502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570714","display_name":"Energy metabolism","level":2,"score":0.4547135829925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4388667047023773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C532751654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2535935","display_name":"Terrestrial locomotion","level":2,"score":0.42232781648635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019295976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027402","display_name":"Leg muscle","level":2,"score":0.41766273975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3279211223125458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.3073152005672455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.30668318271636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26230117678642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2522609829902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21507418155670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1343858540058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10992178320884705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0967024564743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001717","descriptor_name":"Birds","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001717","descriptor_name":"Birds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004734","descriptor_name":"Energy Metabolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005082","descriptor_name":"Physical Exertion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006614","descriptor_name":"Hindlimb","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006614","descriptor_name":"Hindlimb","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008124","descriptor_name":"Locomotion","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008863","descriptor_name":"Microspheres","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010101","descriptor_name":"Oxygen Consumption","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012039","descriptor_name":"Regional Blood Flow","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012420","descriptor_name":"Running","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013848","descriptor_name":"Thigh","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1090704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14704426","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14704426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G609622912","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AR 47337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337362","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8271347787","display_name":"MECHANICAL FUNCTION OF MUSCLE DURING MOVEMENT","funder_award_id":"R01AR047337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337362","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337362","display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/006zn3t30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W642876454","https://openalex.org/W1827455274","https://openalex.org/W1929168181","https://openalex.org/W1972960710","https://openalex.org/W1974071488","https://openalex.org/W1978495288","https://openalex.org/W2014802423","https://openalex.org/W2027803127","https://openalex.org/W2050158673","https://openalex.org/W2061814167","https://openalex.org/W2076081853","https://openalex.org/W2079294151","https://openalex.org/W2079815764","https://openalex.org/W2086422251","https://openalex.org/W2093880142","https://openalex.org/W2139781828","https://openalex.org/W2157714820","https://openalex.org/W2159779776","https://openalex.org/W2160457864","https://openalex.org/W2162750771","https://openalex.org/W2184225391","https://openalex.org/W2232289146","https://openalex.org/W2404689151","https://openalex.org/W2418050542","https://openalex.org/W2626316260","https://openalex.org/W3023039152","https://openalex.org/W4229547142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1852806411","https://openalex.org/W2595182788","https://openalex.org/W2124926804","https://openalex.org/W2133025172","https://openalex.org/W2005290784","https://openalex.org/W2149972931","https://openalex.org/W2166664877","https://openalex.org/W1553084395","https://openalex.org/W2105821531","https://openalex.org/W1971468242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explaining":[0],"the":[1,11,32,55,61,65,68,72,85,92,101,114,120],"energetics":[2,102],"of":[3,13,60,76,91,105,116],"walking":[4],"and":[5,46,67,103],"running":[6,106],"has":[7,19],"been":[8,21],"difficult":[9],"because":[10],"distribution":[12,115],"energy":[14,25,62,93,117],"use":[15,26,118],"among":[16],"individual":[17],"muscles":[18,34,42,57,70],"not":[20],"known.":[22],"We":[23,52],"estimated":[24],"by":[27,64,119],"measuring":[28],"blood":[29],"flow":[30,39],"to":[31,40,80],"hindlimb":[33],"in":[35],"guinea":[36],"fowl.":[37],"Blood":[38],"skeletal":[41],"is":[43],"controlled":[44],"locally":[45],"varies":[47],"directly":[48],"with":[49],"metabolic":[50],"rate.":[51],"estimate":[53],"that":[54],"swing-phase":[56],"consume":[58,71],"26%":[59],"used":[63,94],"limbs":[66,86],"stance-phase":[69],"remaining":[73],"74%,":[74],"independent":[75],"speed.":[77],"Thus,":[78],"contrary":[79],"some":[81],"previous":[82],"suggestions,":[83],"swinging":[84],"requires":[87],"an":[88],"appreciable":[89],"fraction":[90],"during":[95],"terrestrial":[96],"legged":[97],"locomotion.":[98],"Models":[99],"integrating":[100],"mechanics":[104],"will":[107],"benefit":[108],"from":[109],"more":[110],"detailed":[111],"information":[112],"on":[113],"muscles.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}