{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978769440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425145","title":"Parties, states and patronage","display_name":"Parties, states and patronage","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978769440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425145","mag":"1978769440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01402389608425145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179028992","display_name":"West European Politics","issn_l":"0140-2382","issn":["0140-2382","1743-9655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West European Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003114104","display_name":"Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1579-1370","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1579-1370"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165368041","display_name":"University of Iceland","ror":"https://ror.org/01db6h964","country_code":"IS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165368041"]}],"countries":["IS"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reader in Government, University of Iceland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reader in Government, University of Iceland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165368041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003114104"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165368041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":87.5084,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99903397,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"433","last_page":"457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.8637999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.8637999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10777","display_name":"Politics and Society in Latin America","score":0.0215000007301569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-patronage","display_name":"political patronage","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-parties","display_name":"political parties","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-bureaucracy","display_name":"state bureaucracy","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/party-state-relations","display_name":"party-state relations","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/party-organization","display_name":"party organization","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-competition","display_name":"electoral competition","score":0.9430000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.7011220455169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6685356497764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6642158031463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.639232337474823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5165647268295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.4869500398635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.47332510352134705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4536745250225067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2148895561695099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16342231631278992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01402389608425145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179028992","display_name":"West European Politics","issn_l":"0140-2382","issn":["0140-2382","1743-9655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West European Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162135371","https://openalex.org/W407446632","https://openalex.org/W582183309","https://openalex.org/W600878863","https://openalex.org/W615363352","https://openalex.org/W625929555","https://openalex.org/W631048199","https://openalex.org/W1591508403","https://openalex.org/W1967203516","https://openalex.org/W1969838511","https://openalex.org/W1978796178","https://openalex.org/W1980296590","https://openalex.org/W1983871011","https://openalex.org/W1987546487","https://openalex.org/W1991576322","https://openalex.org/W1998553902","https://openalex.org/W2012834418","https://openalex.org/W2017927090","https://openalex.org/W2023299261","https://openalex.org/W2024905582","https://openalex.org/W2033696907","https://openalex.org/W2034816418","https://openalex.org/W2039287854","https://openalex.org/W2072263279","https://openalex.org/W2112446815","https://openalex.org/W2127956343","https://openalex.org/W2254004991","https://openalex.org/W2261864238","https://openalex.org/W2334928384","https://openalex.org/W2335678552","https://openalex.org/W2502333527","https://openalex.org/W2504468988","https://openalex.org/W2590553000","https://openalex.org/W2761931361","https://openalex.org/W2798823399","https://openalex.org/W2886291798","https://openalex.org/W2972036171","https://openalex.org/W3149953018","https://openalex.org/W4213436370","https://openalex.org/W4230938681","https://openalex.org/W4238389951","https://openalex.org/W4285706429","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299717153","https://openalex.org/W4302077531","https://openalex.org/W4383555449"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W70214077","https://openalex.org/W2157368921","https://openalex.org/W206960168","https://openalex.org/W165769969","https://openalex.org/W2096343449","https://openalex.org/W2110598543","https://openalex.org/W2107978625","https://openalex.org/W2001845171","https://openalex.org/W2134622250","https://openalex.org/W2117961758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Strong":[0],"state":[1],"bureaucracies":[2],"tend":[3],"to":[4,10,17,25,35],"block":[5],"the":[6,40,51,55,73,76,86],"access":[7,16,34],"of":[8,20,43,54,75,85,88],"politicians":[9,14],"patronage.":[11],"If,":[12],"however,":[13],"have":[15],"substantial":[18],"quantities":[19],"patronage,":[21],"they":[22],"are":[23],"likely":[24],"use":[26],"it":[27],"for":[28,50],"electoral":[29,59],"and":[30,61],"organisational":[31],"purposes.":[32],"Where":[33],"patronage":[36,89],"was":[37],"easy":[38],"during":[39],"formative":[41],"years":[42],"party":[44,56,62],"organisations,":[45],"this":[46,67],"had":[47],"far\u2010reaching":[48],"consequences":[49],"subsequent":[52],"development":[53,87],"system,":[57],"including":[58],"competition":[60],"organisation.":[63],"The":[64],"case,":[65],"in":[66,81,91],"article,":[68],"is":[69],"argued":[70],"mainly":[71],"on":[72],"basis":[74],"northern":[77],"European":[78],"experience,":[79],"and,":[80],"particular,":[82],"an":[83],"analysis":[84],"politics":[90],"Iceland.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
