{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978751446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","title":"Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights","display_name":"Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978751446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","mag":"1978751446","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9798740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118357697","display_name":"Brain","issn_l":"0006-8950","issn":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040334367","display_name":"Mark Manford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-9442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-9442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156194","display_name":"Addenbrooke's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/055vbxf86","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802466933","https://openalex.org/I4210156194"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M Manford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Neurology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Markmanford@gransden.prestel.co.uk","Department of Clinical Neurology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neurology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Markmanford@gransden.prestel.co.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neurology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040334367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156194"],"apc_list":{"value":4224,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":5570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0411,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":691,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95927865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"121","issue":"10","first_page":"1819","last_page":"1840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13397","display_name":"Hallucinations in medical conditions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13397","display_name":"Hallucinations in medical conditions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-visual-hallucinations","display_name":"complex visual hallucinations","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinosis","display_name":"hallucinosis","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narcolepsy-type-1","display_name":"narcolepsy type 1","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peduncular-hallucinosis","display_name":"peduncular hallucinosis","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia-with-lewy-bodies","display_name":"dementia with Lewy bodies","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charles-bonnet-syndrome","display_name":"Charles Bonnet syndrome","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epilepsy","display_name":"epilepsy","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brainstem-lesions","display_name":"brainstem lesions","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-disturbance","display_name":"sleep disorders","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-integration","display_name":"cortical integration","score":0.4309999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908998935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Visual Hallucination","level":2,"score":0.7110726833343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7002962827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.6469107866287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779097696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1822234","display_name":"Lewy body","level":4,"score":0.5652047395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779727114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170082","display_name":"Psychosis","level":2,"score":0.43866166472435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551621295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228","display_name":"Brainstem","level":2,"score":0.43419981002807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936617","display_name":"Visual processing","level":3,"score":0.4247586727142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.4190458357334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3493891954421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.33303532004356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3283149003982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.24680450558662415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2441536784172058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.14470696449279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.10239830613136292}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001927","descriptor_name":"Brain Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006212","descriptor_name":"Hallucinations","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006212","descriptor_name":"Hallucinations","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012895","descriptor_name":"Sleep, REM","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014786","descriptor_name":"Vision Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014795","descriptor_name":"Visual Pathways","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.10.1819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118357697","display_name":"Brain","issn_l":"0006-8950","issn":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9798740","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9798740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain : a journal of neurology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:brain:121/10/1819","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/121/10/1819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"},{"id":"mag:2188184250","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sgha.net/library/1819.full.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11451662","https://openalex.org/W15724495","https://openalex.org/W34659612","https://openalex.org/W43108660","https://openalex.org/W56041172","https://openalex.org/W63981085","https://openalex.org/W143167710","https://openalex.org/W150717845","https://openalex.org/W191264116","https://openalex.org/W563150456","https://openalex.org/W613594210","https://openalex.org/W1481021837","https://openalex.org/W1521227715","https://openalex.org/W1533487058","https://openalex.org/W1541301341","https://openalex.org/W1597981199","https://openalex.org/W1717350540","https://openalex.org/W1809188141","https://openalex.org/W1828538530","https://openalex.org/W1937144007","https://openalex.org/W1942214786","https://openalex.org/W1964166965","https://openalex.org/W1964502071","https://openalex.org/W1964614508","https://openalex.org/W1965712297","https://openalex.org/W1968067697","https://openalex.org/W1969334748","https://openalex.org/W1969495555","https://openalex.org/W1970514569","https://openalex.org/W1971356120","https://openalex.org/W1972685862","https://openalex.org/W1973275366","https://openalex.org/W1977314903","https://openalex.org/W1977336425","https://openalex.org/W1979758736","https://openalex.org/W1979982016","https://openalex.org/W1981129517","https://openalex.org/W1981149832","https://openalex.org/W1981166604","https://openalex.org/W1982196827","https://openalex.org/W1984475571","https://openalex.org/W1984546209","https://openalex.org/W1985220093","https://openalex.org/W1986071214","https://openalex.org/W1986100203","https://openalex.org/W1986433233","https://openalex.org/W1986822636","https://openalex.org/W1989529440","https://openalex.org/W1991809846","https://openalex.org/W1993149700","https://openalex.org/W1995920481","https://openalex.org/W1996804314","https://openalex.org/W1996813877","https://openalex.org/W1999014668","https://openalex.org/W1999377362","https://openalex.org/W2000569019","https://openalex.org/W2003351565","https://openalex.org/W2003670872","https://openalex.org/W2004616715","https://openalex.org/W2004827105","https://openalex.org/W2008963780","https://openalex.org/W2009016203","https://openalex.org/W2010277278","https://openalex.org/W2011820831","https://openalex.org/W2012808200","https://openalex.org/W2013815042","https://openalex.org/W2015108059","https://openalex.org/W2015600374","https://openalex.org/W2015633152","https://openalex.org/W2016073050","https://openalex.org/W2025197615","https://openalex.org/W2030433427","https://openalex.org/W2031334366","https://openalex.org/W2033582216","https://openalex.org/W2034182288","https://openalex.org/W2034357524","https://openalex.org/W2034779827","https://openalex.org/W2035426975","https://openalex.org/W2035628906","https://openalex.org/W2040660581","https://openalex.org/W2040677029","https://openalex.org/W2041635830","https://openalex.org/W2041991332","https://openalex.org/W2042076764","https://openalex.org/W2042511881","https://openalex.org/W2043816414","https://openalex.org/W2045399582","https://openalex.org/W2051690784","https://openalex.org/W2053098177","https://openalex.org/W2055515468","https://openalex.org/W2057261392","https://openalex.org/W2057621737","https://openalex.org/W2059280575","https://openalex.org/W2061711899","https://openalex.org/W2064160642","https://openalex.org/W2064247269","https://openalex.org/W2064290733","https://openalex.org/W2065347284","https://openalex.org/W2065429215","https://openalex.org/W2066978025","https://openalex.org/W2067071952","https://openalex.org/W2067217624","https://openalex.org/W2067383761","https://openalex.org/W2069934335","https://openalex.org/W2071553214","https://openalex.org/W2071809577","https://openalex.org/W2072066282","https://openalex.org/W2072476545","https://openalex.org/W2072632446","https://openalex.org/W2073877633","https://openalex.org/W2075381062","https://openalex.org/W2075411602","https://openalex.org/W2075903380","https://openalex.org/W2076117152","https://openalex.org/W2077653589","https://openalex.org/W2079106221","https://openalex.org/W2080281729","https://openalex.org/W2080647788","https://openalex.org/W2082119274","https://openalex.org/W2084257157","https://openalex.org/W2084838469","https://openalex.org/W2085226428","https://openalex.org/W2085302232","https://openalex.org/W2088579267","https://openalex.org/W2094108788","https://openalex.org/W2101859253","https://openalex.org/W2103320997","https://openalex.org/W2105645261","https://openalex.org/W2112922649","https://openalex.org/W2118527319","https://openalex.org/W2118674865","https://openalex.org/W2137368534","https://openalex.org/W2139022372","https://openalex.org/W2142852633","https://openalex.org/W2144569120","https://openalex.org/W2159011576","https://openalex.org/W2160795943","https://openalex.org/W2252885830","https://openalex.org/W2276024626","https://openalex.org/W2295794713","https://openalex.org/W2314904848","https://openalex.org/W2322106756","https://openalex.org/W2336023619","https://openalex.org/W2399007496","https://openalex.org/W2401080663","https://openalex.org/W2402234959","https://openalex.org/W2404918717","https://openalex.org/W2405929199","https://openalex.org/W2408504845","https://openalex.org/W2416676088","https://openalex.org/W2416685039","https://openalex.org/W2416766520","https://openalex.org/W2417016694","https://openalex.org/W2419002997","https://openalex.org/W2419556496","https://openalex.org/W2468581751","https://openalex.org/W2482203287","https://openalex.org/W2597593464","https://openalex.org/W2993337458","https://openalex.org/W2994536360","https://openalex.org/W3000393609","https://openalex.org/W3006559242","https://openalex.org/W3115687393","https://openalex.org/W3176149472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188184250","https://openalex.org/W7029013866","https://openalex.org/W2030703156","https://openalex.org/W4246854991","https://openalex.org/W150717845","https://openalex.org/W2060561443","https://openalex.org/W2085634498","https://openalex.org/W2096597517","https://openalex.org/W4245850491","https://openalex.org/W6940668901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Complex":[0],"visual":[1,103,122,130,139,184],"hallucinations":[2,30,51,72,107,136],"may":[3,133,159,186,206],"affect":[4,152],"some":[5],"normal":[6],"individuals":[7],"on":[8,94,117],"going":[9],"to":[10,87,97,111,151,194],"sleep":[11,24],"and":[12,33,39,45,79,92,132,155,158],"are":[13,108,169],"also":[14,160],"seen":[15],"in":[16,20,42,135,163],"pathological":[17],"states,":[18],"often":[19,36,170],"association":[21],"with":[22,172],"a":[23,112,195,203],"disturbance.":[25],"The":[26],"content":[27],"of":[28,73,84,89,174,190,202,210],"these":[29,50,90,179],"is":[31],"striking":[32],"relatively":[34,216],"stereotyped,":[35],"involving":[37],"animals":[38],"human":[40],"figures":[41],"bright":[43],"colours":[44],"dramatic":[46],"settings.":[47],"Conditions":[48],"causing":[49],"include":[52],"narcolepsy-cataplexy":[53],"syndrome,":[54],"peduncular":[55],"hallucinosis,":[56],"treated":[57],"idiopathic":[58],"Parkinson's":[59,164],"disease,":[60],"Lewy":[61],"body":[62],"dementia":[63],"without":[64],"treatment,":[65],"migraine":[66],"coma,":[67],"Charles":[68],"Bonnet":[69],"syndrome":[70],"(visual":[71],"the":[74,182,208],"blind),":[75],"schizophrenia,":[76],"hallucinogen-induced":[77],"states":[78],"epilepsy.":[80],"We":[81,176,198],"describe":[82],"cases":[83],"hallucinosis":[85],"due":[86,110],"several":[88],"causes":[91],"expand":[93],"previous":[95],"hypotheses":[96],"suggest":[98,199],"three":[99],"mechanisms":[100],"underlying":[101],"complex":[102,121,212],"hallucinations.":[104],"(i)":[105],"Epileptic":[106],"probably":[109],"direct":[113],"irritative":[114],"process":[115],"acting":[116],"cortical":[118,144],"centres":[119],"integrating":[120],"information.":[123],"(ii)":[124],"Visual":[125],"pathway":[126],"lesions":[127,149],"cause":[128,187],"defective":[129,138,188],"input":[131],"result":[134],"from":[137],"processing":[140],"or":[141],"an":[142],"abnormal":[143],"release":[145,196],"phenomenon.":[146,197],"(iii)":[147],"Brainstem":[148],"appear":[150],"ascending":[153],"cholinergic":[154],"serotonergic":[156],"pathways,":[157],"be":[161],"implicated":[162],"disease.":[165],"These":[166],"brainstem":[167],"abnormalities":[168],"associated":[171],"disturbances":[173],"sleep.":[175],"discuss":[177],"how":[178],"lesions,":[180],"outside":[181],"primary":[183],"system,":[185],"modulation":[189],"thalamocortical":[191],"relationships":[192],"leading":[193],"that":[200],"perturbation":[201],"distributed":[204],"matrix":[205],"explain":[207],"production":[209],"similar,":[211],"mental":[213],"phenomena":[214],"by":[215],"blunt":[217],"insults":[218],"at":[219],"disparate":[220],"sites.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":30}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
