{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978736847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1185","title":"Shares in the human genome\u2014the future of patenting DNA","display_name":"Shares in the human genome\u2014the future of patenting DNA","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978736847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1185","mag":"1978736847","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12454661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/nbt1202-1185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106963461","display_name":"Nature Biotechnology","issn_l":"0733-222X","issn":["0733-222X","1087-0156","1546-1696","2331-3684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Shares_in_the_human_genome_the_future_of_patenting_DNA/23341334","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112834698","display_name":"Sandy M Thomas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110262565","display_name":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics","ror":"https://ror.org/024sy5q53","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110262565"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandy M. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London, UK. sthomas@nuffieldfoundation.org","Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London, UK","SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London, UK. sthomas@nuffieldfoundation.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110262565"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110262565"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047409989","display_name":"Michael M. Hopkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8401-6573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8401-6573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael M. Hopkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["policy analyst at the SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"policy analyst at the SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089981351","display_name":"Max Brady","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726996","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Superior de Atlixco","ror":"https://ror.org/01brjce02","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4401726996","https://openalex.org/I4405258672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928429","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Superior de Huauchinango","ror":"https://ror.org/05wc2hs84","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4403928429","https://openalex.org/I4405258672"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Brady","raw_affiliation_strings":["senior editor, Perexel MMS, Hackensack, NJ","senior editor, Perexel MMS, Hackensack"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"senior editor, Perexel MMS, Hackensack, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726996","https://openalex.org/I4403928429"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"senior editor, Perexel MMS, Hackensack","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0344,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94854497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"1185","last_page":"1188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.049800001084804535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-genome","display_name":"human genome","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-families","display_name":"patent families","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-patents","display_name":"gene patents","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.4970000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197077220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720988","display_name":"Human genome","level":4,"score":0.6522924900054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.5627493858337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.5324790477752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.45170700550079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.393530011177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3882848024368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.3779897093772888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.21802449226379395}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004247","descriptor_name":"DNA","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005062","descriptor_name":"European Union","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005818","descriptor_name":"Genetic Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005818","descriptor_name":"Genetic Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005820","descriptor_name":"Genetic Testing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006077","descriptor_name":"Government Agencies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007564","descriptor_name":"Japan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010067","descriptor_name":"Ownership","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010067","descriptor_name":"Ownership","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010067","descriptor_name":"Ownership","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010330","descriptor_name":"Patents as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010330","descriptor_name":"Patents as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015894","descriptor_name":"Genome, Human","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D022126","descriptor_name":"Access to Information","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D022126","descriptor_name":"Access to Information","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/nbt1202-1185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106963461","display_name":"Nature Biotechnology","issn_l":"0733-222X","issn":["0733-222X","1087-0156","1546-1696","2331-3684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12454661","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12454661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature biotechnology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23341334","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Shares_in_the_human_genome_the_future_of_patenting_DNA/23341334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/522169","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/522169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"252465","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23341334","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Shares_in_the_human_genome_the_future_of_patenting_DNA/23341334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35677194","https://openalex.org/W1518376618","https://openalex.org/W1964959162","https://openalex.org/W6601426737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7033921678","https://openalex.org/W3123304138","https://openalex.org/W7044003293","https://openalex.org/W1705455719","https://openalex.org/W2279062932","https://openalex.org/W7096503322","https://openalex.org/W4245039950","https://openalex.org/W2742694197","https://openalex.org/W6980393256","https://openalex.org/W4241026632"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}