{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978706424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","title":"The neurology and enterology of equine grass sickness: a review of basic mechanisms","display_name":"The neurology and enterology of equine grass sickness: a review of basic mechanisms","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978706424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","mag":"1978706424","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10320588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84837402","display_name":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility","issn_l":"1350-1925","issn":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107399466","display_name":"COTTRELL","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"COTTRELL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK","Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097254276","display_name":"McGORUM","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"McGORUM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK","Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111556985","display_name":"Pearson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PEARSON","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK","Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equine Grass Sickness Group, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107399466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":4640,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4640},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7805,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"79","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10872","display_name":"Veterinary Equine Medical Research","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3402","display_name":"Equine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10872","display_name":"Veterinary Equine Medical Research","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3402","display_name":"Equine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10365","display_name":"Gastrointestinal motility and disorders","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11735","display_name":"Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equine-grass-sickness","display_name":"equine grass sickness","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomic-dysfunction","display_name":"autonomic dysfunction","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enteric-nervous-system","display_name":"enteric nervous system","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyneuropathy","display_name":"polyneuropathy","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuronal-apoptosis","display_name":"neuronal apoptosis","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevertebral-ganglia","display_name":"prevertebral ganglia","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrograde-degeneration","display_name":"retrograde degeneration","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denervation-supersensitivity","display_name":"denervation supersensitivity","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonic-fermentation","display_name":"colonic fermentation","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ileus","display_name":"ileus","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysphagia","display_name":"dysphagia","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluid-and-electrolyte-balance","display_name":"fluid and electrolyte balance","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogenesis","display_name":"pathogenesis","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horses","display_name":"horses","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognosis","display_name":"prognosis","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-examination","display_name":"neurological examination","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.543506920337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019869117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42240","display_name":"Original research","level":2,"score":0.4806336462497711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.46432772278785706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776796636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386408","display_name":"African horse sickness","level":3,"score":0.41678646206855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.31791144609451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.07165402173995972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001342","descriptor_name":"Autonomic Nervous System Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001342","descriptor_name":"Autonomic Nervous System Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001342","descriptor_name":"Autonomic Nervous System Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000662","qualifier_name":"veterinary","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003680","descriptor_name":"Deglutition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004064","descriptor_name":"Digestive System","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006734","descriptor_name":"Horse Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006734","descriptor_name":"Horse Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006736","descriptor_name":"Horses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009498","descriptor_name":"Neurotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017615","descriptor_name":"Enteric Nervous System","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017615","descriptor_name":"Enteric Nervous System","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018377","descriptor_name":"Neurotransmitter Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00140.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84837402","display_name":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility","issn_l":"1350-1925","issn":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10320588","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10320588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neurogastroenterology and motility","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6133000254631042,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96614748","https://openalex.org/W206228210","https://openalex.org/W295618599","https://openalex.org/W572404395","https://openalex.org/W1262459653","https://openalex.org/W1480730200","https://openalex.org/W1521529709","https://openalex.org/W1528808312","https://openalex.org/W1568906377","https://openalex.org/W1734224899","https://openalex.org/W1766894222","https://openalex.org/W1808208692","https://openalex.org/W1832817370","https://openalex.org/W1888618020","https://openalex.org/W1930143899","https://openalex.org/W1968869699","https://openalex.org/W1970449062","https://openalex.org/W1970976275","https://openalex.org/W1971335269","https://openalex.org/W1974584320","https://openalex.org/W1975235825","https://openalex.org/W1978966673","https://openalex.org/W1982626920","https://openalex.org/W1984906104","https://openalex.org/W1985244442","https://openalex.org/W1986316659","https://openalex.org/W1986853330","https://openalex.org/W1991484150","https://openalex.org/W1992910446","https://openalex.org/W1993958449","https://openalex.org/W1994989484","https://openalex.org/W1996783524","https://openalex.org/W2000468307","https://openalex.org/W2004619828","https://openalex.org/W2004785693","https://openalex.org/W2010605575","https://openalex.org/W2013956200","https://openalex.org/W2015230796","https://openalex.org/W2015778458","https://openalex.org/W2017741408","https://openalex.org/W2019856386","https://openalex.org/W2020569812","https://openalex.org/W2020603884","https://openalex.org/W2022696825","https://openalex.org/W2022892765","https://openalex.org/W2023739208","https://openalex.org/W2024678370","https://openalex.org/W2024994992","https://openalex.org/W2025260212","https://openalex.org/W2035428405","https://openalex.org/W2036451883","https://openalex.org/W2047186143","https://openalex.org/W2047978442","https://openalex.org/W2053297158","https://openalex.org/W2054443414","https://openalex.org/W2054847915","https://openalex.org/W2059640915","https://openalex.org/W2062172969","https://openalex.org/W2064257887","https://openalex.org/W2064683938","https://openalex.org/W2068615860","https://openalex.org/W2069018073","https://openalex.org/W2069178786","https://openalex.org/W2071181262","https://openalex.org/W2071365528","https://openalex.org/W2071553665","https://openalex.org/W2077237000","https://openalex.org/W2079133100","https://openalex.org/W2082131079","https://openalex.org/W2083163390","https://openalex.org/W2083932104","https://openalex.org/W2088068461","https://openalex.org/W2088424330","https://openalex.org/W2093034572","https://openalex.org/W2096328520","https://openalex.org/W2099111270","https://openalex.org/W2108769347","https://openalex.org/W2113682123","https://openalex.org/W2114279902","https://openalex.org/W2115747908","https://openalex.org/W2121212465","https://openalex.org/W2126730015","https://openalex.org/W2129281835","https://openalex.org/W2129861677","https://openalex.org/W2144715110","https://openalex.org/W2155113327","https://openalex.org/W2158666132","https://openalex.org/W2160423775","https://openalex.org/W2161254302","https://openalex.org/W2163259800","https://openalex.org/W2164832259","https://openalex.org/W2173112447","https://openalex.org/W2178275125","https://openalex.org/W2242901239","https://openalex.org/W2285493156","https://openalex.org/W2289256896","https://openalex.org/W2320107452","https://openalex.org/W2324586429","https://openalex.org/W2345586391","https://openalex.org/W2394711304","https://openalex.org/W2397163677","https://openalex.org/W2405114549","https://openalex.org/W2410432935","https://openalex.org/W2442238709","https://openalex.org/W2442349413","https://openalex.org/W2444469780","https://openalex.org/W2744017610","https://openalex.org/W2788718573","https://openalex.org/W4256185440","https://openalex.org/W4298016263","https://openalex.org/W6966958216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105068525","https://openalex.org/W4243119433","https://openalex.org/W2969525556","https://openalex.org/W2398408766","https://openalex.org/W7111090936","https://openalex.org/W2088424330","https://openalex.org/W1498710064","https://openalex.org/W2809437994","https://openalex.org/W295618599","https://openalex.org/W2011676307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomic":[0],"dysfunction":[1],"constitutes":[2],"a":[3,55,108,131,155,316,327],"prominent":[4],"clinical":[5,120,431,511],"feature":[6],"of":[7,18,27,32,35,54,61,67,85,100,111,122,143,152,167,186,193,219,245,260,269,309,433,463,466,472,509,513],"equine":[8,41],"grass":[9],"sickness":[10],"(EGS).":[11],"Significant":[12],"injury":[13],"to":[14,65,78,87,205,277,326,334,392,407,451,481],"the":[15,19,33,36,52,83,90,98,141,144,149,165,173,182,190,220,229,258,270,278,285,301,305,313,336,355,417,430,459,464,470,510],"nervous":[16,184],"control":[17],"alimentary":[20,207,251],"system":[21,185],"is":[22,76,92,102,161,177,281,331,363,383],"life":[23],"threatening,":[24],"partly":[25,162],"because":[26,31],"dysphagia":[28],"but":[29,97,280],"also":[30,50,444],"failure":[34,244],"unique":[37],"regulatory":[38,112],"mechanisms":[39,406],"in":[40,181,284,300,344,349,365,368,416,420,427],"digestion":[42],"involving":[43],"water":[44,266],"and":[45,95,213,222,236,239,265,287,347,351,398,403,419,436,454,490,529],"electrolyte":[46],"balance.":[47],"The":[48,58,170,291],"neuropathology":[49],"indicates":[51],"presence":[53],"somatic":[56,422],"polyneuropathy.":[57],"morphological":[59],"features":[60,465],"EGS":[62,379,467],"are":[63,374,479],"similar":[64],"those":[66,125],"excitotoxic":[68],"neuronal":[69,73,197,361,488,503],"degeneration,":[70],"which":[71,160,227,322,389,424,478],"resembles":[72],"apoptosis.":[74],"It":[75,330],"difficult":[77],"ascertain":[79],"from":[80,496],"published":[81],"accounts":[82],"degree":[84],"damage":[86,101,198,340,362,388],"central":[88],"neurones:":[89],"distribution":[91],"well":[93],"documented":[94],"selective":[96],"proportion":[99],"poorly":[103],"quantified.":[104],"If":[105],"lesions":[106,295,321],"involve":[107],"significant":[109],"number":[110],"neurones":[113],"they":[114],"should":[115,129],"produce":[116,487],"functional":[117,317,402],"deficits.":[118],"Any":[119],"assessment":[121],"horses,":[123],"especially":[124],"with":[126,154,250,354],"chronic":[127,369],"EGS,":[128,194,514],"include":[130],"thorough":[132],"neurological":[133],"examination.":[134],"Although":[135],"this":[136],"will":[137],"not":[138,297],"necessarily":[139],"improve":[140],"outcome":[142],"case,":[145],"it":[146],"may":[147,296,323,341,390,425,443,449,455],"enable":[148],"rational":[150],"selection":[151],"animals":[153],"reasonable":[156],"prognosis":[157],"for":[158,401,429,446,507],"recovery":[159],"determined":[163],"by":[164,232],"extent":[166],"CNS":[168],"lesions.":[169],"evidence":[171,495],"supports":[172,312],"following":[174],"pathogenesis.":[175],"There":[176],"an":[178],"initial":[179,385],"lesion":[180],"enteric":[183,196,386],"susceptible":[187],"horses.":[188],"In":[189,241],"acute":[191,310,352,366],"form":[192],"massive":[195],"occurs":[199,380],"first":[200,306],"functionally,":[201],"then":[202],"structurally":[203],"leading":[204],"generalized":[206,447,517],"smooth":[208],"muscle":[209,437,527],"atony,":[210],"enhanced":[211],"secretions":[212],"altered":[214],"fluid":[215],"fluxes.":[216],"Severe":[217],"distension":[218],"stomach":[221],"small":[223,288],"intestines":[224],"rapidly":[225,253],"develops,":[226],"augments":[228],"intestinal":[230,246,262,289],"ileus":[231],"intersegmental":[233],"inhibitory":[234],"reflexes":[235],"causes":[237],"colic":[238],"dehydration.":[240],"subacute":[242],"cases,":[243],"bicarbonate":[247],"buffer":[248],"together":[249],"stasis":[252],"reduces":[254,264],"caecal-colonic":[255],"fermentation.":[256],"Thus":[257],"osmolality":[259],"large":[261],"digesta":[263],"travels":[267],"out":[268],"bowel":[271],"along":[272],"osmotic":[273],"gradients.":[274],"Water":[275],"returns":[276],"circulation,":[279],"eventually":[282],"lost":[283],"gastric":[286,519],"secretions.":[290],"observation":[292],"that":[293,315,338,359,500],"pathological":[294],"be":[298,324,342],"seen":[299,343],"prevertebral":[302,345,395],"ganglia":[303,346],"within":[304],"few":[307],"days":[308],"cases":[311,353],"view":[314],"deficit":[318],"precedes":[319],"structural":[320,404],"secondary":[325,394],"retrograde":[328],"degeneration.":[329],"therefore":[332],"possible":[333],"resolve":[335],"observations":[337,373],"less":[339,384,393],"elsewhere":[348],"peracute":[350],"more":[356,399],"common":[357],"finding":[358],"greater":[360],"present":[364],"than":[367],"cases.":[370],"These":[371],"different":[372],"probably":[375],"time":[376,400],"dependent.":[377],"Chronic":[378],"when":[381],"there":[382],"nerve":[387],"lead":[391],"ganglionic":[396],"pathology,":[397],"compensatory":[405],"develop.":[408],"Denervation":[409],"hypersensitivity":[410],"develops":[411],"at":[412,458],"target":[413],"sites":[414],"both":[415],"gut":[418],"peripheral":[421,522],"nerves":[423],"account,":[426],"part,":[428],"signs":[432,512],"patchy":[434],"sweating":[435],"tremors.":[438],"Raised":[439],"circulating":[440],"adrenaline":[441],"levels":[442],"account":[445,506],"sweating,":[448,521],"contribute":[450],"gastrointestinal":[452],"atony":[453],"affect":[456],"pacemakers":[457],"pelvic":[460],"flexure.":[461],"Many":[462],"make":[468],"worthwhile":[469],"re-investigation":[471],"Clostridium":[473],"botulinum":[474],"Group":[475],"III":[476],"toxins,":[477],"known":[480],"prevent":[482],"vesicular":[483],"exocytosis,":[484],"stimulate":[485],"neurosecretion,":[486],"chromatolysis":[489],"inhibit":[491],"neutrophil":[492],"migration.":[493],"Also,":[494],"other":[497],"species":[498],"suggests":[499],"increased":[501],"nitrergic":[502],"activity":[504],"can":[505],"many":[508],"namely":[515],"dysphagia,":[516],"ileus,":[518],"dilatation,":[520],"vasodilatation,":[523],"tachycardia,":[524],"salivary":[525],"hypersecretion,":[526],"wastage":[528],"cachexia.":[530]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}