{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978608652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1125.82","title":"The Basis of Individuality in Organisms. A Defense of Vitalism","display_name":"The Basis of Individuality in Organisms. A Defense of Vitalism","publication_year":1916,"publication_date":"1916-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978608652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1125.82","mag":"1978608652","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17792482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.44.1125.82","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1125.82","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1125.82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1534276","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090611576","display_name":"Herbert V. Neal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. V. Neal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tufts College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tufts College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090611576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":103.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99735099,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"1125","first_page":"82","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitalism","display_name":"vitalism","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individuality","display_name":"individuality","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organismal-diversity","display_name":"organismal diversity","score":0.35499998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191631","display_name":"Vitalism","level":3,"score":0.9434199929237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4745413064956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.394650399684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.35808733105659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.35778313875198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1576807200908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06406709551811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.060235679149627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.44.1125.82","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1125.82","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1125.82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17792482","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17792482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:1534276","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1534276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:1534276","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1534276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571592956","https://openalex.org/W641933986","https://openalex.org/W1506201390","https://openalex.org/W1940226302","https://openalex.org/W1977111567","https://openalex.org/W1977579984","https://openalex.org/W1979524373","https://openalex.org/W1983919700","https://openalex.org/W1991542995","https://openalex.org/W1994693326","https://openalex.org/W2010191297","https://openalex.org/W2013816470","https://openalex.org/W2023743973","https://openalex.org/W2028081835","https://openalex.org/W2034389857","https://openalex.org/W2047432222","https://openalex.org/W2047972919","https://openalex.org/W2067253382","https://openalex.org/W2069569176","https://openalex.org/W2075639772","https://openalex.org/W2077785732","https://openalex.org/W2079882080","https://openalex.org/W2083753023","https://openalex.org/W2085402514","https://openalex.org/W2091777397","https://openalex.org/W2092356758","https://openalex.org/W2097982867","https://openalex.org/W2158657444","https://openalex.org/W2326775809","https://openalex.org/W2489332873","https://openalex.org/W2796482882","https://openalex.org/W2798106008","https://openalex.org/W2802951089","https://openalex.org/W3201260154","https://openalex.org/W4206213309","https://openalex.org/W4232470906","https://openalex.org/W4235927451","https://openalex.org/W4238850219","https://openalex.org/W4239302129","https://openalex.org/W4242362028","https://openalex.org/W4250142711","https://openalex.org/W4297696744","https://openalex.org/W4298160452","https://openalex.org/W4301436121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063027685","https://openalex.org/W2079882080","https://openalex.org/W4242704043","https://openalex.org/W2276307302","https://openalex.org/W4211011707","https://openalex.org/W4231406629","https://openalex.org/W1490623446","https://openalex.org/W2340704148","https://openalex.org/W4241956354","https://openalex.org/W603244883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Article":[0],"MetricsDownloadsCitationsNo":[1],"data":[2],"available.01AugSepOctNovDecJan90Total6":[3],"Months12":[4],"MonthsTotal":[5],"number":[6],"of":[7],"downloads":[8],"for":[9],"the":[10],"most":[11],"recent":[12],"6":[13],"whole":[14],"calendar":[15],"months.":[16]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}