{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978600430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1672","title":"Matter, Elements and Substance in Aristotle","display_name":"Matter, Elements and Substance in Aristotle","publication_year":1970,"publication_date":"1970-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978600430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1672","mag":"1978600430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/hph.2008.1672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80702723","display_name":"Journal of the history of philosophy","issn_l":"0022-5053","issn":["0022-5053","1538-4586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the History of Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024017755","display_name":"Robert Soko\u0142owski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-8076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-8076"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Sokolowski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024017755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94721808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"263","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11463","display_name":"Classical Philosophy and Thought","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11463","display_name":"Classical Philosophy and Thought","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12857","display_name":"Medieval Philosophy and Theology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11592","display_name":"Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aristotle","display_name":"Aristotle","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance","display_name":"substance","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matter","display_name":"matter","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elements","display_name":"elements","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-matter","display_name":"primary matter","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substantial-form","display_name":"substantial form","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple-bodies","display_name":"simple bodies","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potentiality","display_name":"potentiality","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-opinion","display_name":"common opinion","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unity-of-substance","display_name":"unity of substance","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hylomorphism","display_name":"hylomorphism","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materialism","display_name":"materialism","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parts-and-wholes","display_name":"parts and wholes","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-body","display_name":"natural body","score":0.4480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776727279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489450","display_name":"Heaven","level":2,"score":0.7584115266799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.6024227738380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26148502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488752","display_name":"Earth (classical element)","level":2,"score":0.4914933443069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4484104812145233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.42388835549354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4182944893836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.3446502089500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2137763500213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.19490447640419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.17812296748161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.1287752091884613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.09848862886428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09177979826927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/hph.2008.1672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80702723","display_name":"Journal of the history of philosophy","issn_l":"0022-5053","issn":["0022-5053","1538-4586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the History of Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/229363","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/229363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564915537","https://openalex.org/W605013215","https://openalex.org/W1519585432","https://openalex.org/W1520034879","https://openalex.org/W1532902807","https://openalex.org/W1596511147","https://openalex.org/W1596716304","https://openalex.org/W1608730021","https://openalex.org/W2039648754","https://openalex.org/W2056206296","https://openalex.org/W2093395189","https://openalex.org/W2167980881","https://openalex.org/W2312336034","https://openalex.org/W2322932726","https://openalex.org/W2324818111","https://openalex.org/W2332049536","https://openalex.org/W2332277519","https://openalex.org/W2610203281","https://openalex.org/W2799270846","https://openalex.org/W2982076570","https://openalex.org/W3010094629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W655372732","https://openalex.org/W619563989","https://openalex.org/W3140761790","https://openalex.org/W2930525759","https://openalex.org/W83838147","https://openalex.org/W1985907288","https://openalex.org/W7084050169","https://openalex.org/W4245344571","https://openalex.org/W2990295223","https://openalex.org/W2091322749"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Matter,":[0],"Elements":[1],"and":[2,18,27,38,74,76,81,88,90,92,96,118,123,125,200,235,237,239,257,302,397,454,460,516,532,559,596,609,612],"Substance":[3],"in":[4,54,66,197,272,291,327,337,346,392,417,437,445,470,500,550,585,635,647,679],"Aristotle":[5,58,138,309,373,413],"ROBERT":[6],"SOKOLOWSKI":[7],"IN":[8],"AmSTOrL]~'S":[9],"PHILOSOPHY,":[10],"are":[11,98,161,215,232,245,249,255,287,305,334,355,401,486,615,644,658],"the":[12,32,47,83,116,121,174,217,273,292,296,338,352,363,382,385,398,423,438,446,455,493,501,519,561,570,597,613,638,648,676,687,690],"simple":[13,297,321,353,494,598,642,680],"bodies,":[14,37,298,681],"earth,":[15,299],"air.":[16],"fire":[17,87,238,301],"water,":[19],"substances?":[20,137],"Are":[21],"they":[22,248,254,333,361,400,485,509,527,657],"composed":[23],"of":[24,41,49,52,100,105,108,112,132,159,167,184,195,206,219,223,230,243,263,280,384,394,426,448,458,481,503,521,563,573,607],"substantial":[25],"form":[26,630],"matter?":[28],"What":[29],"serves":[30,674],"as":[31,115,136,434,450,462,535,553,555,560,592,627,675],"formal":[33],"dimension":[34,678],"for":[35,241,366,540],"such":[36,114,290],"what":[39,281,408,673],"kind":[40],"\"'primary\"":[42],"matter":[43,595,611,692],"underlies":[44],"it7":[45],"In":[46,173,186,421,605],"be~nning":[48],"his":[50,180,193],"analysis":[51,269],"substance":[53,358,427,546,584,616,624,634],"Metaphy~:,rVII":[55],"#":[56],"2,":[57],"writes:":[59],"\"Substance":[60],"seems":[61],"to":[62,141,148,192,211,284,324,389,412,414,654],"occur":[63],"most":[64,214,279],"clearly":[65],"bodies":[67,85,322,354,449,495,599,643],"(and":[68],"so":[69],"we":[70,144],"say":[71,142,319],"that":[72,143,176,205,209,271,320,360,525,541,594,641,693],"animals":[73,220],"plants":[75],"their":[77,395],"parts":[78,99,218,396],"arc":[79],"substances,":[80,163,213],"also":[82,381],"natural":[84],"like":[86,233,250,487],"water":[89],"earth":[91,236],"all":[93,158,229],"similar":[94],"things,":[95],"whatever":[97],"these":[101,160,244],"or":[102,111,151,164,169,505,513,538,557,567,631],"made":[103,402],"up":[104],"them,":[106,168],"whether":[107,150,157],"certain":[109,431],"ones":[110],"all,":[113],"heaven":[117],"its":[119],"parts,":[120],"stars":[122],"moon":[124],"sun)\"":[126],"(I02Sb8-13).":[127],"This":[128],"is":[129,155,203,225,277,359,375,409,428,435,468,569,590,621,625,633,653],"a":[130,251,451,466,488,522,530,536,586],"list":[131],"things":[133,208,391],"commonly":[134],"accepted":[135],"goes":[139],"on":[140],"must":[145,343,510,528],"test":[146],"them":[147,224,231],"find":[149],"not":[152,289,311,318,335,356,376,578,645],"common":[153,198,275,313,452],"opinion":[154,199,276,314,379],"correct,":[156],"indeed":[162],"only":[165,307,465,617],"some":[166,258],"none":[170,222,242,369],"at":[171,330,660],"all.":[172,331,661],"pages":[175],"follow":[177],"he":[178,189,316],"devdops":[179],"own":[181],"philosophical":[182,268],"theory":[183],"substance.":[185,603],"/~":[187],"16":[188],"turns":[190],"back":[191],"point":[194],"departure":[196],"decides:":[201],"\"It":[202],"clear":[204],"those":[207],"seem":[210,411],"bc":[212],"potentialities:":[216],"(for":[221],"separated;":[226],"when":[227],"separated":[228],"matter)":[234],"air;":[240],"one.":[246],"but":[247,380,484,575,619],"heap":[252],"until":[253],"concocted":[256],"one":[259],"thing":[260],"comes":[261],"out":[262],"them\"":[264],"(1040b5-10).":[265],"Thus":[266],"critical":[267],"shows":[270],"main":[274],"wrong;":[278],"it":[282],"takes":[283],"be":[285,325,344,415,497,511,548,601],"substances":[286,306,326,336,499,646,659],"really":[288],"full":[293,339],"sense,":[294,650],"including":[295],"air,":[300],"water.":[303],"These":[304,404],"potentially.":[308],"does":[310,317,577],"discard":[312],"entirely;":[315],"fail":[323],"any":[328],"sense":[329,502,572],"But":[332],"sense.":[340,588],"Three":[341],"points":[342],"stressed":[345],"this":[347,576,620],"conclusion:":[348],"(a)":[349],"The":[350,370,440],"reason":[351],"fully":[357],"lack":[362],"unity":[364,520],"needed":[365],"this:":[367],"\"for":[368],"\"common":[371],"opinion\"":[372],"examines":[374],"just":[377],"popular":[378,419],"belief":[383,436,444],"physicist-philosopbers":[386],"who":[387],"tried":[388],"explain":[390],"terms":[393,606],"stuff":[399],"of.":[403],"materialistic":[405],"conceptions":[406],"about":[407],"real":[410],"reflected":[416],"common,":[418],"opinion.":[420],"contrast":[422,442],"mathematical":[424],"concept":[425,457],"credited":[429],"\"to":[430],"persons\"":[432],"(1028616)":[433],"Ideas.":[439],"same":[441],"between":[443],"substantiality":[447],"opinion,":[453],"esoteric":[456],"mathematicals":[459],"Ideas":[461],"held":[463],"by":[464],"few,":[467],"found":[469],"Metaphysics":[471,639],"VIII":[472],"~":[473,670,683],"1":[474],"(1o4~7-12).":[475],"[2631":[476],"264":[477],"HISTORY":[478],"OF":[479],"PHILOSOPHY":[480],"themare":[482],"one,":[483],"heap.\"":[489],"(b)":[490],"By":[491],"implication,":[492],"can":[496,547,600],"considered":[498],"substratum":[504,537,556],"foundation":[506,539,580,593],"(hypokeimenon),":[507],"since":[508],"\"concocted\"":[512],"properly":[514],"disposed":[515],"worked":[517],"into":[518,666],"single":[523],"thing;":[524],"is,":[526],"receive":[529],"form,":[531,554],"thus":[533],"act":[534,608],"form.":[542],"2":[543],"For":[544],"Aristotle,":[545],"said":[549],"many":[551],"ways:":[552],"foundation,":[558],"compound":[562],"both.":[564],"3":[565],"Form":[566],"essence":[568,632],"primary":[571],"substance,":[574],"prevent":[579],"from":[581],"being":[582],"called":[583,602],"derived":[587],"It":[589],"precisely":[591],"(e)":[604],"potency,":[610],"elements":[614],"potentially,":[618],"true":[622],"whenever":[623],"taken":[626],"foundation.":[628],"Only":[629],"actuality.4":[636],"Since":[637],"indicates":[640],"ordinary":[649],"our":[651],"problem":[652],"determine":[655],"how":[656],"Our":[662],"treatment":[663],"breaks":[664],"down":[665],"two":[667],"major":[668],"sections:":[669],"1-~3":[671],"examine":[672],"\"formal\"":[677],"while":[682],"4-#":[684],"6":[685],"discuss":[686],"\"material\"":[688],"dimension,":[689],"prime":[691],"underlies...":[694]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
