{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978447650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r5","title":"Information-theoretic limits to quantum cryptography","display_name":"Information-theoretic limits to quantum cryptography","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978447650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r5","mag":"1978447650","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9909676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.48.r5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085565215","display_name":"Stephen Mark Barnett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0733-4524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0733-4524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen M. Barnett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Applied Physics, John Anderson Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Applied Physics, John Anderson Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031326329","display_name":"Simon J. D. Phoenix","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-2630","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-2630"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon J. D. Phoenix","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Applied Physics, John Anderson Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Applied Physics, John Anderson Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":{"value":2675,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2675},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4228,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95122061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"1","first_page":"R5","last_page":"R8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2607","display_name":"Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"quantum cryptography","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theoretic-security","display_name":"information-theoretic security","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping-detection","display_name":"eavesdropping detection","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channels","display_name":"quantum channels","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-protocols","display_name":"security protocols","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8196171522140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.7148607969284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.7146252989768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5481690168380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.52937912940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.5029081702232361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4838753938674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.473114937543869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.4516991972923279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41211652755737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.36721867322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.34553951025009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3105052709579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23297107219696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.13853901624679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07416746020317078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0695280134677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.48.r5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9909676","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9909676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997124098","https://openalex.org/W2006226307","https://openalex.org/W2020725861","https://openalex.org/W2037865377","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2063294089","https://openalex.org/W2915470408","https://openalex.org/W4214950786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2359843320","https://openalex.org/W4294974576","https://openalex.org/W2051149928","https://openalex.org/W118927243","https://openalex.org/W2053804947","https://openalex.org/W2015689417","https://openalex.org/W2045142595","https://openalex.org/W2182366389","https://openalex.org/W7096345171","https://openalex.org/W1946648027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,12],"develop":[1],"an":[2,35],"information-theoretic":[3],"formalism":[4,25],"to":[5,28],"describe":[6],"a":[7],"quantum-cryptographically":[8],"protected":[9],"communication":[10],"channel.":[11,23],"thereby":[13],"establish":[14],"the":[15,19,22],"fundamental":[16],"limits":[17],"on":[18],"security":[20],"of":[21,34,39],"This":[24],"enables":[26],"us":[27],"propose":[29],"protocols":[30],"that":[31,41],"allow":[32],"detection":[33],"eavesdropper":[36],"by":[37],"examination":[38],"data":[40],"would":[42],"normally":[43],"be":[44],"discarded.":[45]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}