{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978444441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal candidiasis among women seeking primary care for genital infections in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","display_name":"Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal candidiasis among women seeking primary care for genital infections in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978444441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","mag":"1978444441","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16122076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/9270/118813","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/9270/118813","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008121209","display_name":"LA Namkinga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182078086","display_name":"University of Dar es Salaam","ror":"https://ror.org/0479aed98","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"LA Namkinga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Microbiology Unit, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Microbiology Unit, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103400678","display_name":"MIN Matee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182078086","display_name":"University of Dar es Salaam","ror":"https://ror.org/0479aed98","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MIN Matee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113534674","display_name":"AK Kivaisi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182078086","display_name":"University of Dar es Salaam","ror":"https://ror.org/0479aed98","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"AK Kivaisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Microbiology Unit, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Microbiology Unit, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048004508","display_name":"Candida S. Moshiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-2361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-2361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Moshiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65347, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 65347, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5581,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68793602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"3","first_page":"138","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10150","display_name":"Antifungal resistance and susceptibility","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10146","display_name":"Cervical Cancer and HPV Research","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaginal-candidiasis","display_name":"vaginal candidiasis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-vaginosis","display_name":"bacterial vaginosis","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trichomonas-vaginalis","display_name":"Trichomonas vaginalis","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neisseria-gonorrhoeae","display_name":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syphilis","display_name":"syphilis","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genital-pruritus","display_name":"genital pruritus","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abnormal-vaginal-discharge","display_name":"abnormal vaginal discharge","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genital-ulcers","display_name":"genital ulcers","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genital-warts","display_name":"genital warts","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chancre","display_name":"chancre","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexually-transmitted-infections","display_name":"sexually transmitted infections","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dar-es-salaam","display_name":"Dar es Salaam","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care","display_name":"primary care","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupation","display_name":"occupation","score":0.7549999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779952448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804521","display_name":"Bacterial vaginosis","level":2,"score":0.877819299697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8421867489814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41083","display_name":"Syphilis","level":3,"score":0.6291395425796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.5494779348373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183021626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4620674","display_name":"Sex organ","level":2,"score":0.5379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.5367717742919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776393945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778502","display_name":"Vaginal discharge","level":2,"score":0.4682416021823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.4559217095375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.43790966272354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5873","display_name":"Sexual intercourse","level":3,"score":0.4258866608142853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778308922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208726","display_name":"Genital warts","level":4,"score":0.4203551411628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.33604714274406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2805035710334778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.2512871026992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.15253502130508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.06591111421585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002181","descriptor_name":"Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002181","descriptor_name":"Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002181","descriptor_name":"Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010342","descriptor_name":"Patient Acceptance of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012725","descriptor_name":"Sexual Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013636","descriptor_name":"Tanzania","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/9270/118813","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16122076","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16122076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African medical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v82i3.9270","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/9270/118813","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1978444441.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1978444441.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64096637","https://openalex.org/W1516382167","https://openalex.org/W1836136520","https://openalex.org/W1973948212","https://openalex.org/W1974283607","https://openalex.org/W1975115559","https://openalex.org/W2007388866","https://openalex.org/W2010872276","https://openalex.org/W2015608870","https://openalex.org/W2033217017","https://openalex.org/W2110716084","https://openalex.org/W2120581698","https://openalex.org/W2122112517","https://openalex.org/W2142507607","https://openalex.org/W2145649150","https://openalex.org/W2286541145","https://openalex.org/W2471501589","https://openalex.org/W4254430765","https://openalex.org/W4298222310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101728421","https://openalex.org/W3188344253","https://openalex.org/W7023874403","https://openalex.org/W4385851641","https://openalex.org/W6894009120","https://openalex.org/W4387429827","https://openalex.org/W2189650090","https://openalex.org/W7167925060","https://openalex.org/W2124280846","https://openalex.org/W4239405022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"the":[3,47],"prevalence":[4,218],"and":[5,35,71,87,95,137,157,184],"risk":[6],"factors":[7],"for":[8,17,172],"vaginal":[9,55,220],"candidiasis":[10,221],"(VC)":[11],"among":[12,222],"women":[13,38,49,223],"seeking":[14],"primary":[15],"care":[16],"genital":[18,43,59,64,69,121,130,200,225],"infections.":[19,44],"DESIGN:":[20],"Cross-sectional":[21],"study.":[22],"SETTING:":[23],"Ilala":[24],"Municipal":[25],"Hospital":[26],"in":[27,174,253],"Dar":[28],"es":[29],"Salaam,":[30],"Tanzania.":[31],"SUBJECTS:":[32],"Four":[33],"hundred":[34],"sixty":[36],"four":[37],"presenting":[39],"with":[40,105,139,158,176,197,224],"complaints":[41],"of":[42,78,100,207,219,238,249],"RESULTS:":[45],"Of":[46],"464":[48],"examined,":[50],"177":[51],"(38.1%)":[52],"had":[53,58,63,68,74],"abnormal":[54],"discharge,":[56],"68(14.7%)":[57],"ulcers,":[60,201],"272":[61],"(58.6%)":[62],"pruritus,":[65],"18":[66],"(3.9%)":[67],"warts":[70,186],"58":[72],"(12.5%)":[73],"chancre.":[75],"The":[76,98,216],"prevalencies":[77],"VC,":[79],"bacterial":[80,113],"vaginosis,":[81],"HIV,":[82,106],"T":[83],"vaginalis,":[84],"N.":[85,198],"gonorrhoeae":[86],"syphilis":[88,177],"were":[89,167],"45%,":[90],"48.4%,":[91],"22%,":[92],"93%,":[93],"1.5%":[94],"4.3%,":[96],"respectively.":[97],"occurrence":[99],"VC":[101,173,193],"was":[102,194],"positively":[103],"associated":[104,196],"(OR":[107,115,123,132,142,151,160,178,187],"=":[108,116,124,133,143,152,161,179,188],"1.81,":[109],"95%":[110,118,127,135,145,154,163,181,190],"CI":[111,119,128,146,155,164,182,191],"(1.0-2.67),":[112],"vaginosis;":[114],"2.6,":[117],"(1.7-3.9),":[120],"pruritus;":[122],"1.8":[125],"1,":[126],"(1.2-2.7)":[129],"discharge;":[131],"1.867,":[134],"(1.28-2.73)":[136],"negatively":[138],"T.":[140],"vaginalis":[141],"0.27,":[144],"(0.12":[147],"-":[148],"0.6),":[149],"occupation":[150],"0.65,":[153],"(0.35-0.86))":[156],"education":[159],"0.43,":[162],"(0.11-0.73).":[165],"There":[166],"increased":[168],"but":[169],"non-significant":[170],"odds":[171],"patients":[175],"1.6":[180],"(0.6-4.3)":[183],"venereal":[185],"2.5":[189],"(0.92-6.8)":[192],"not":[195],"gonorrhoeae,":[199],"age":[202],"at":[203],"first":[204],"intercourse,":[205],"number":[206],"sexual":[208],"partners,":[209],"marital":[210],"status":[211],"or":[212],"antibiotic":[213],"usage.":[214],"CONCLUSION:":[215],"high":[217],"infections":[226,252],"should":[227,255],"be":[228,256],"taken":[229],"into":[230],"account":[231],"when":[232],"updating":[233],"policies":[234],"concerning":[235],"syndromic":[236,247],"management":[237,248],"sexually":[239,250],"transmitted":[240,251],"diseases.":[241],"More":[242],"gender":[243],"specific":[244],"approach":[245],"to":[246],"females":[254],"considered.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}