{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978320643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","title":"Visual defects in cases of Down's syndrome and in other mentally handicapped children.","display_name":"Visual defects in cases of Down's syndrome and in other mentally handicapped children.","publication_year":1967,"publication_date":"1967-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978320643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","mag":"1978320643","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4226447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/51/7/469.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/51/7/469.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052040957","display_name":"P A Gardiner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298207432","display_name":"Guy's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04r33pf22","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298207432","https://openalex.org/I200166805","https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P A Gardiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology , Guy's Hospital , London","Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's Hospital, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology , Guy's Hospital , London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298207432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's Hospital, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298207432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052040957"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298207432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2045,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79163287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"7","first_page":"469","last_page":"474"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.9434000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.9434000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.05400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12989","display_name":"Ocular Disorders and Treatments","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/down-syndrome","display_name":"Down syndrome","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-defects","display_name":"visual defects","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-acuity","display_name":"visual acuity","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability","display_name":"intellectual disability","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-examination","display_name":"eye examination","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-abnormalities","display_name":"ocular abnormalities","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educability","display_name":"educability","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-physicians","display_name":"school physicians","score":0.367000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8226820230484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019965780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183560","display_name":"Mentally retarded","level":2,"score":0.6259288191795349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779954681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47715","display_name":"Down syndrome","level":2,"score":0.5367411971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3750365376472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.33823615312576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3011472821235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.19819220900535583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07286271452903748}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001251","descriptor_name":"Astigmatism","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001251","descriptor_name":"Astigmatism","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001251","descriptor_name":"Astigmatism","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002386","descriptor_name":"Cataract","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002386","descriptor_name":"Cataract","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002386","descriptor_name":"Cataract","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003318","descriptor_name":"Corneal Opacity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003318","descriptor_name":"Corneal Opacity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003318","descriptor_name":"Corneal Opacity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004314","descriptor_name":"Down Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004314","descriptor_name":"Down Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004314","descriptor_name":"Down Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005128","descriptor_name":"Eye Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005128","descriptor_name":"Eye Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005128","descriptor_name":"Eye Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005139","descriptor_name":"Eyeglasses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005139","descriptor_name":"Eyeglasses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005139","descriptor_name":"Eyeglasses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006956","descriptor_name":"Hyperopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006956","descriptor_name":"Hyperopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006956","descriptor_name":"Hyperopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008607","descriptor_name":"Intellectual Disability","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008607","descriptor_name":"Intellectual Disability","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008607","descriptor_name":"Intellectual Disability","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012029","descriptor_name":"Refraction, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012029","descriptor_name":"Refraction, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012029","descriptor_name":"Refraction, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014786","descriptor_name":"Vision Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014786","descriptor_name":"Vision Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014786","descriptor_name":"Vision Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014787","descriptor_name":"Vision Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/51/7/469.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:4226447","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4226447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of ophthalmology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:506427","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/506427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Br J Ophthalmol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.51.7.469","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/51/7/469.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1978320643.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1978320643.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564156365","https://openalex.org/W2006450908","https://openalex.org/W2072075002","https://openalex.org/W2148379910","https://openalex.org/W2781031679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380927825","https://openalex.org/W2197410683","https://openalex.org/W2362864982","https://openalex.org/W4289375533","https://openalex.org/W610332789","https://openalex.org/W2116856165","https://openalex.org/W2358499468","https://openalex.org/W2158160172","https://openalex.org/W1518883575","https://openalex.org/W2355545848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"THIS":[0],"study":[1],"is":[2,35,60],"based":[3],"on":[4],"a":[5,13,46,81],"survey":[6],"of":[7,9,19,28,49,99,126,130],"children":[8,63,95],"school":[10,40],"age":[11],"attending":[12],"Junior":[14],"Training":[15],"Centre.Considering":[16],"the":[17,22,26,39,50,73,89,97,105,127,150],"difficulty":[18],"assessing":[20],"both":[21],"visual":[23,52,83,118,159],"acuity":[24,53,119,160],"and":[25,55,92,101,123,129,145],"significance":[27],"ocular":[29,131],"defects":[30,84,155],"in":[31,64,88,120,136],"these":[32],"children,":[33],"it":[34,112],"not":[36,68,77,114,176],"surprising":[37],"that":[38,72,167],"doctors":[41],"should":[42],"have":[43],"asked":[44],"for":[45,62],"special":[47],"investigation":[48],"problem.Formal":[51],"estimations":[54],"ophthalmic":[56],"supervision":[57],"such":[58,169],"as":[59,170],"provided":[61],"ordinary":[65],"schools":[66],"had":[67],"been":[69],"undertaken,":[70],"so":[71,166],"teaching":[74],"staff":[75],"did":[76],"know":[78],"how":[79],"great":[80],"part":[82],"might":[85,157],"be":[86],"playing":[87],"children's":[90],"behaviour":[91],"educability.Material":[93],"62":[94],"between":[96],"ages":[98],"5":[100],"16":[102],"years":[103],"attended":[104],"centre.All":[106],"but":[107],"two":[108],"permitted":[109],"examination,":[110],"though":[111],"was":[113,133],"possible":[115],"to":[116,143],"assess":[117],"every":[121],"case":[122],"detailed":[124],"examination":[125],"fundi":[128],"movements":[132],"too":[134],"difficult":[135],"some.Their":[137],"intelligence":[138],"quotients":[139],"ranged":[140],"from":[141],"30":[142],"50":[144],"they":[146],"were":[147,163,175],"therefore":[148],"below":[149],"educationally":[151],"subnormal":[152],"level.Only":[153],"those":[154],"which":[156],"limit":[158],"or":[161],"function":[162],"looked":[164],"for,":[165],"anomalies":[168],"Brushfield's":[171],"spots,":[172],"epicanthus,":[173],"etc.,":[174],"recorded.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
