{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978280757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/b35105","title":"The Effects of Sprawl on Private-Vehicle Commuting Distances and Times","display_name":"The Effects of Sprawl on Private-Vehicle Commuting Distances and Times","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978280757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/b35105","mag":"1978280757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1068/b35105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/b35105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/b35105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169418","display_name":"Environment and Planning B Planning and Design","issn_l":"0265-8135","issn":["0265-8135","1472-3417"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089289361","display_name":"Edmund J. Zolnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6363-1104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6363-1104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edmund J Zolnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Policy, George Mason University, 3351 Fairfax Drive, M5 3B1, Arlington, VA 22201, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy, George Mason University, 3351 Fairfax Drive, M5 3B1, Arlington, VA 22201, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089289361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4133865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":"1071","last_page":"1084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.07280000299215317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburban-sprawl","display_name":"suburban sprawl","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commuting-distance","display_name":"commuting distance","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commuting-time","display_name":"commuting time","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburbanization","display_name":"suburbanization","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-density","display_name":"urban density","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-centralization","display_name":"urban centralization","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accessibility-transport-and-spatial-geography","display_name":"accessibility (transport and spatial geography)","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning-policy","display_name":"urban planning policy","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-areas","display_name":"metropolitan areas","score":0.5899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C487182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192042","display_name":"Urban sprawl","level":3,"score":0.9829277992248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.7335460186004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776081408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091971","display_name":"Suburbanization","level":3,"score":0.7196105122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1933849","display_name":"Microdata (statistics)","level":4,"score":0.6349669694900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5601748824119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.49581703543663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4567500352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3945426344871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.37531420588493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.32176899909973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.28366607427597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.255582720041275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.23866042494773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.2257089614868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15552574396133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12213358283042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.07744312286376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1068/b35105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/b35105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/b35105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169418","display_name":"Environment and Planning B Planning and Design","issn_l":"0265-8135","issn":["0265-8135","1472-3417"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pio:envirb:v:38:y:2011:i:6:p:1071-1084","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b35105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:envirb:v:38:y:2011:i:6:p:1071-1084","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/b35105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568680308","https://openalex.org/W1494112719","https://openalex.org/W1534195714","https://openalex.org/W1536827296","https://openalex.org/W1538476845","https://openalex.org/W1546358064","https://openalex.org/W1598442452","https://openalex.org/W1600814808","https://openalex.org/W1983690226","https://openalex.org/W1989575639","https://openalex.org/W1992974185","https://openalex.org/W1994413315","https://openalex.org/W1995885960","https://openalex.org/W2013149542","https://openalex.org/W2015603340","https://openalex.org/W2017521508","https://openalex.org/W2017686774","https://openalex.org/W2023860100","https://openalex.org/W2027268636","https://openalex.org/W2033713336","https://openalex.org/W2037923885","https://openalex.org/W2038469877","https://openalex.org/W2042850484","https://openalex.org/W2051988079","https://openalex.org/W2056552098","https://openalex.org/W2058801639","https://openalex.org/W2069057816","https://openalex.org/W2072171930","https://openalex.org/W2099148482","https://openalex.org/W2100794062","https://openalex.org/W2101187040","https://openalex.org/W2101467086","https://openalex.org/W2109794606","https://openalex.org/W2116452978","https://openalex.org/W2133642681","https://openalex.org/W2137602530","https://openalex.org/W2137827175","https://openalex.org/W2146751059","https://openalex.org/W2155670545","https://openalex.org/W2157294334","https://openalex.org/W2158672897","https://openalex.org/W2159823934","https://openalex.org/W2804712479","https://openalex.org/W3123356772","https://openalex.org/W4255585997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015601388","https://openalex.org/W4391600479","https://openalex.org/W7006490604","https://openalex.org/W2289039147","https://openalex.org/W2027268636","https://openalex.org/W7096570452","https://openalex.org/W4402854179","https://openalex.org/W2058363776","https://openalex.org/W6884620401","https://openalex.org/W2629738827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sprawl":[0],"is":[1,41,62],"a":[2,59],"well-known":[3],"consequence":[4],"of":[5,8,23,76,79,82],"the":[6,9,21,44,49,77,126],"suburbanization":[7],"United":[10],"States":[11],"population.":[12],"However,":[13],"only":[14,138],"recently":[15],"have":[16],"scholars":[17],"shown":[18],"interest":[19],"in":[20,43],"effects":[22,78],"sprawl":[24,34,52,83],"on":[25,32,84],"transportation":[26],"outcomes.":[27],"For":[28],"example,":[29],"little":[30],"research":[31],"how":[33],"affects":[35],"private-vehicle":[36,54,92,98,112,134],"commuting":[37,55,85,135],"distances":[38,56,86],"and":[39,53,57,68,87,107],"times":[40,88],"evident":[42],"literature.":[45],"To":[46],"explore":[47],"further":[48],"relationship":[50],"between":[51],"times,":[58,136],"multilevel":[60,74],"approach":[61],"adopted.":[63],"Using":[64],"microdata":[65],"for":[66,70,91],"households":[67],"macrodata":[69],"Metropolitan":[71],"Statistical":[72],"Areas,":[73],"models":[75],"four":[80],"dimensions":[81],"are":[89,100,114],"estimated":[90],"commuters.":[93],"Results":[94],"show":[95],"that":[96],"shorter-distance,":[97],"commutes":[99,113],"associated":[101,115],"with":[102,116],"lower":[103],"density,":[104],"more":[105,117],"centeredness,":[106],"better":[108],"accessibility,":[109],"while":[110],"shorter-time,":[111],"centeredness.":[118],"Overall,":[119],"results":[120],"point":[121],"toward":[122],"centralizing":[123],"employment":[124],"as":[125],"urban":[127],"planning":[128],"policy":[129],"most":[130],"likely":[131],"to":[132],"reduce":[133],"if":[137],"modestly.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
