{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978255309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598608419931","title":"Undermined: The implications of mineral export dependence for state formation in Africa","display_name":"Undermined: The implications of mineral export dependence for state formation in Africa","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978255309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598608419931","mag":"1978255309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01436598608419931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598608419931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598608419931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64122990","display_name":"Third World Quarterly","issn_l":"0143-6597","issn":["0143-6597","1360-2241"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Third World Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000124598","display_name":"D Michael Shafer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D Michael Shafer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor of Political Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor of Political Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000124598"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25125628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"916","last_page":"952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13000","display_name":"World Systems and Global Transformations","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-formation","display_name":"state formation","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-states","display_name":"African countries","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-curse","display_name":"resource curse","score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-dependence","display_name":"economic dependence","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-capacity","display_name":"state capacity","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6512027978897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776432453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7946","display_name":"Mineral","level":2,"score":0.5831769108772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020591692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180194","display_name":"Third world","level":2,"score":0.5357747673988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.522857666015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3468843102455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.33419591188430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3307270109653473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.1191299557685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09400004148483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.05644652247428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01436598608419931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598608419931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598608419931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64122990","display_name":"Third World Quarterly","issn_l":"0143-6597","issn":["0143-6597","1360-2241"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Third World Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33631744","https://openalex.org/W48274771","https://openalex.org/W179387041","https://openalex.org/W570674252","https://openalex.org/W578304260","https://openalex.org/W578638365","https://openalex.org/W608568293","https://openalex.org/W620956829","https://openalex.org/W622057961","https://openalex.org/W637360382","https://openalex.org/W648007905","https://openalex.org/W992126988","https://openalex.org/W1434994208","https://openalex.org/W1486418990","https://openalex.org/W1505616801","https://openalex.org/W1530222697","https://openalex.org/W1534629186","https://openalex.org/W1563530746","https://openalex.org/W1581861750","https://openalex.org/W1587903951","https://openalex.org/W1605996694","https://openalex.org/W1866731262","https://openalex.org/W1940052852","https://openalex.org/W1987852540","https://openalex.org/W2010324260","https://openalex.org/W2024715087","https://openalex.org/W2029438929","https://openalex.org/W2049024048","https://openalex.org/W2055693434","https://openalex.org/W2062648594","https://openalex.org/W2063022177","https://openalex.org/W2067386343","https://openalex.org/W2071656857","https://openalex.org/W2080058174","https://openalex.org/W2085819242","https://openalex.org/W2088148915","https://openalex.org/W2110679788","https://openalex.org/W2114883168","https://openalex.org/W2132557475","https://openalex.org/W2148597883","https://openalex.org/W2148690231","https://openalex.org/W2243318061","https://openalex.org/W2246266097","https://openalex.org/W2250464280","https://openalex.org/W2263796346","https://openalex.org/W2277119095","https://openalex.org/W2300736679","https://openalex.org/W2317283405","https://openalex.org/W2327483179","https://openalex.org/W2330803963","https://openalex.org/W2487831172","https://openalex.org/W2504778211","https://openalex.org/W2566692329","https://openalex.org/W2796144006","https://openalex.org/W2799535626","https://openalex.org/W2970853117","https://openalex.org/W2990257880","https://openalex.org/W3109482897","https://openalex.org/W3122590827","https://openalex.org/W3204213513","https://openalex.org/W3204326537","https://openalex.org/W4236284187","https://openalex.org/W4237555157","https://openalex.org/W4241765127","https://openalex.org/W4242398736","https://openalex.org/W4246154673","https://openalex.org/W4252409602","https://openalex.org/W4299678552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946866825","https://openalex.org/W7073839333","https://openalex.org/W7033208354","https://openalex.org/W2228071637","https://openalex.org/W2953899952","https://openalex.org/W158870043","https://openalex.org/W4412908913","https://openalex.org/W575508744","https://openalex.org/W2071706814","https://openalex.org/W2583814061"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"(1986).":[0],"Undermined:":[1],"The":[2],"implications":[3],"of":[4],"mineral":[5],"export":[6],"dependence":[7],"for":[8],"state":[9],"formation":[10],"in":[11],"Africa.":[12],"Third":[13],"World":[14],"Quarterly:":[15],"Vol.":[16],"8,":[17],"No.":[18],"3,":[19],"pp.":[20],"916-952.":[21]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
